Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40718. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040718. Epub 2012 Jul 27.
Both insufficient and excess iodine may produce thyroid disease. After salt iodization in China, the median urine iodine concentration (UIC) of children aged 8-10 years appeared adequate. However, it is unknown whether dietary changes due to rapid economic development in Shanghai have affected whole population iodine nutrition.
To assess dietary iodine intake, UIC and the prevalence of thyroid disease in the general population of Shanghai.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with general participants aged 5-69 years (n = 7,904) plus pregnant and lactating women (n = 380 each) selected by stratified multistage sampling. The iodine concentrations in their salt, drinking water and urine were measured. Daily iodine intake was estimated using the total diet study approach. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations and thyroid-related antibodies were measured and thyroid ultrasonography was performed.
The median iodine concentration in salt was 29.5 mg/kg, and 12.8 µg/L in drinking water. Iodized salt, used by 95.3% of participants, contributed 63.5% of total dietary iodine. Estimated daily iodine intake was 225.96 µg. The median UIC of general participants was 146.7 µg/L; UIC <100 µg/L (iodine insufficiency) was seen in 28.6%; UIC >300 µg/L (iodine excess) in 10.1%. Pregnant women had a median UIC of 135.9 µg/L, with UIC <150 µg/L in 55.4%. Thyroid nodules and subclinical hypothyroidism were found in 27.44% and 9.17%, respectively.
According to published criteria, the current dietary iodine intake in Shanghai was generally sufficient and safe, but insufficient in pregnant women. Thyroid nodules and subclinical hypothyroidism were the commonest thyroid diseases identified.
碘摄入不足或过量均可导致甲状腺疾病。在中国实施食盐碘化后，8-10 岁儿童的尿碘中位数（UIC）处于适宜水平。然而，由于上海经济的快速发展导致饮食结构的改变是否会影响人群整体碘营养状况尚不清楚。
评估上海地区一般人群膳食碘摄入量、UIC 及甲状腺疾病的患病情况。
采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法，抽取 5-69 岁一般人群（n = 7904 人）及孕、哺乳期妇女（各 380 人）进行横断面调查。检测其食用盐、饮用水碘含量和尿碘，采用总膳食研究法估算膳食碘摄入量，检测血清甲状腺激素及相关抗体水平，并行甲状腺超声检查。
食用盐碘中位数为 29.5 mg/kg，饮用水碘中位数为 12.8 µg/L。加碘盐的食用率为 95.3%，贡献率为 63.5%。估计的膳食碘摄入量为 225.96 µg/d。一般人群 UIC 中位数为 146.7 µg/L，碘缺乏（UIC<100 µg/L）占 28.6%，碘过量（UIC>300 µg/L）占 10.1%。孕妇 UIC 中位数为 135.9 µg/L，其中 55.4%孕妇 UIC<150 µg/L。甲状腺结节和亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的检出率分别为 27.44%和 9.17%。
依据现行标准，上海地区目前人群碘摄入量总体处于适宜和安全水平，但孕妇碘摄入量不足。甲状腺结节和亚临床甲状腺功能减退症是常见的甲状腺疾病。
