Fuchs G J, Fuchs A M
Division of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine.
Urologe A. 1990 Nov;29(6):313-20.
Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) utilizing flexible, actively deflectable instruments has become a valuable asset in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract pathology and the treatment of stone disease. Flexible endoscopic surgery of the proximal ureter and in the intrarenal collecting system constitutes the natural extension of rigid instrumentation in the upper urinary tract. At our institution retrograde ureteral and intrarenal surgery has become an +integral part of our diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium. This is documented by almost 300 treatments and diagnostic procedures performed in the upper urinary tract over the past 3 years.
利用可灵活主动弯曲器械的逆行性肾内手术（RIRS）已成为诊断上尿路病变和治疗结石疾病的一项宝贵手段。近端输尿管和肾内集合系统的软性内镜手术是上尿路硬性器械操作的自然延伸。在我们机构，逆行输尿管和肾内手术已成为我们诊断和治疗手段中不可或缺的一部分。过去3年在上尿路进行的近300例治疗和诊断手术证明了这一点。
