Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas Argentina.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2012 May 1;2:54. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00054. eCollection 2012.
The acceptance of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is not complete and it has been pointed out its limitation to explain the complex processes that constitute the transformation of species. It is necessary to discuss the explaining power of the dominant paradigm. It is common that new discoveries bring about contradictions that are intended to be overcome by adjusting results to the dominant reductionist paradigm using all sorts of gradations and combinations that are admitted for each case. In addition to the discussion on the validity of natural selection, modern findings represent a challenge to the interpretation of the observations with the Darwinian view of competition and struggle for life as theoretical basis. New holistic interpretations are emerging related to the Net of Life, in which the interconnection of ecosystems constitutes a dynamic and self-regulating biosphere: viruses are recognized as a macroorganism with a huge collection of genes, most unknown that constitute the major planet's gene pool. They play a fundamental role in evolution since their sequences are capable of integrating into the genomes in an "infective" way and become an essential part of multicellular organisms. They have content with "biological sense" i.e., they appear as part of normal life processes and have a serious role as carrier elements of complex genetic information. Antibiotics are cell signals with main effects on general metabolism and transcription on bacterial cells and communities. The hologenome theory considers an organism and all of its associated symbiotic microbes (parasites, mutualists, synergists, amensalists) as a result of symbiopoiesis. Microbes, helmints, that are normally understood as parasites are cohabitants and they have cohabited with their host and drive the evolution and existence of the partners. Each organism is the result of integration of complex systems. The eukaryotic organism is the result of combination of bacterial, virus, and eukaryotic DNA and it is the result of the interaction of its own genome with the genome of its microbiota, and their metabolism are intertwined (as a "superorganism") along evolution. The darwinian paradigm had its origin in the free market theories and concepts of Malthus and Spencer. Then, nature was explained on the basis of market theories moving away from an accurate explanation of natural phenomena. It is necessary to acknowledge the limitations of the dominant dogma. These new interpretations about biological processes, molecules, roles of viruses in nature, and microbial interactions are remarkable points to be considered in order to construct a solid theory adjusted to the facts and with less speculations and tortuous semantic traps.
达尔文的自然选择进化论的接受并不完全，并且已经指出它在解释构成物种转化的复杂过程方面的局限性。有必要讨论主导范式的解释能力。新的发现带来矛盾是很常见的，这些矛盾旨在通过使用各种被承认的渐变和组合来调整结果以适应主导的简化主义范式来克服。除了对自然选择的有效性进行讨论之外，现代发现还代表了对基于竞争和生命斗争的达尔文观点的观察结果的解释的挑战，作为理论基础。新的整体解释与生命之网有关，其中生态系统的相互连接构成了一个动态的、自我调节的生物圈：病毒被认为是一种具有大量未知基因的宏观生物体，这些基因构成了主要行星的基因库。它们在进化中起着至关重要的作用，因为它们的序列能够以“感染性”的方式整合到基因组中，并成为多细胞生物的重要组成部分。它们具有“生物学意义”，即它们出现在正常生命过程中，并作为复杂遗传信息的载体元素发挥重要作用。抗生素是对细菌细胞和群落的一般代谢和转录有主要影响的细胞信号。全息基因组理论认为，生物体及其所有相关共生微生物（寄生虫、互惠共生、协同共生、偏利共生）是共生发生的结果。通常被理解为寄生虫的微生物、扁形虫等是共生物种，它们与宿主共生，并推动着进化和合作伙伴的存在。每个生物体都是复杂系统整合的结果。真核生物是细菌、病毒和真核生物 DNA 结合的结果，也是其自身基因组与微生物组基因组相互作用的结果，它们的代谢在进化过程中交织在一起（作为一个“超级生物体”）。达尔文范式起源于自由市场理论和马尔萨斯和斯宾塞的概念。然后，自然是在远离对自然现象的准确解释的基础上，根据市场理论来解释的。有必要承认主导教条的局限性。这些关于生物过程、分子、病毒在自然界中的作用以及微生物相互作用的新解释是值得考虑的显著观点，以便构建一个与事实相符、减少猜测和曲折语义陷阱的坚实理论。
