Narcotics Analysis Division, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Oct 10;222(1-3):387-93. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.002. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
Of the 110 species of genus Papaver, only Papaver somniferum and P. setigerum are controlled poppies in Korea. All poppy samples share similar morphology therefore it is important to check if they contain controlled substances such as morphine and codeine for forensic purpose. Since the alkaloid content of Papaver plants varies according to their growing stage, chemical components analysis alone is not enough to identify exact species. In 2010, hundreds of poppy plants suspected to be P. somniferum were found in Jeju Island, South Korea. They had a slightly different but overall similar appearance to P. somniferum. Using GC-MS analysis, codeine, rhoeadine, papaverine, protopine, noscapine, setigeridine and trace amounts of morphine were detected in these samples. Although their chemical components were different from what has been described in literatures for P. setigerum, they could be assumed to be P. setigerum based on their morphological features and GC-MS results. Also, chromosome numbers using their seeds showed 2n=44 and the numbers were in accordance with those of P. setigerum. Nucleotide substitution or insertion/deletion of ITS (internal transcribed spacer), 18S rRNA (ribosomal RNA), rbcL (large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase), trnL-trnF IGS (intergenic spacer), trnL intron and psbA-trnH were assessed as universal genetic markers for P. setigerum. Also, genetic analysis using six target genes involved in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, including TYDC (tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase), SAT (salutaridinol-7-O-acetyltransferase), BBE (berberine bridge enzyme), COR (codeinone reductase), CYP80B1 ((S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase) and NCS (norcoclaurine synthase) were tested as Papaver-specific genetic markers by the existence of their PCR products. From the results, the sequences of the 6 universal genetic markers and 6 Papaver-specific genetic markers for P. setigerum were identified and then Genbank accession numbers of them were registered in NCBI. Also, the trnL intron and psbA-trnH nucleic acid sequences of the 7 Papaver species were identified and registered.
在 110 种罂粟属物种中，韩国仅对罂粟和 P. setigerum 进行管制。所有罂粟样本都具有相似的形态，因此为了法医目的，检查它们是否含有受管制物质如吗啡和可待因非常重要。由于罂粟植物的生物碱含量随其生长阶段而异，因此仅进行化学成分分析不足以确定确切的物种。2010 年，在韩国济州岛发现了数百株疑似罂粟的罂粟植物。它们的外观与罂粟略有不同，但总体相似。通过 GC-MS 分析，在这些样品中检测到可待因、 rhoeadine、罂粟碱、原阿片碱、那可丁、血根碱和痕量吗啡。尽管它们的化学成分与文献中描述的 P. setigerum 不同，但根据它们的形态特征和 GC-MS 结果，可以假定它们是 P. setigerum。此外，使用种子进行的染色体数量显示 2n=44，与 P. setigerum 的数量一致。ITS（内部转录间隔区）、18S rRNA（核糖体 RNA）、rbcL（核酮糖 1,5-二磷酸羧化酶的大亚基）、trnL-trnF IGS（基因间间隔区）、trnL 内含子和 psbA-trnH 的核苷酸取代或插入/缺失被评估为 P. setigerum 的通用遗传标记。此外，使用涉及苯并异喹啉生物碱生物合成的六个靶基因进行的遗传分析，包括 TYDC（酪氨酸/多巴胺脱羧酶）、SAT（萨尔塔丁醇-7-O-乙酰转移酶）、BBE（小檗碱桥酶）、COR（可待因酮还原酶）、CYP80B1（（S）-N-甲基克劳林 3'-羟化酶）和 NCS（诺可拉林合酶）作为罂粟特异性遗传标记进行了测试，这些标记通过其 PCR 产物的存在来证明。结果确定了 P. setigerum 的 6 个通用遗传标记和 6 个罂粟特异性遗传标记的序列，并在 NCBI 中注册了它们的 Genbank 访问号。此外，还鉴定并注册了 7 种罂粟物种的 trnL 内含子和 psbA-trnH 核酸序列。
