Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078-3033, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2012 Aug;105(4):1107-14. doi: 10.1603/ec12064.
Phosphine gas, or hydrogen phosphide (PH3), is the most common insecticide applied to durable stored products worldwide and is routinely used in the United States for treatment of bulk-stored cereal grains and other durable stored products. Research from the late 1980s revealed low frequencies of resistance to various residual grain protectant insecticides and to phosphine in grain insect species collected in Oklahoma. The present work, which used the same previously established discriminating dose bioassays for phosphine toxicity as in the earlier study, evaluated adults of nine different populations of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and five populations of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) collected from different geographic locations in Oklahoma. One additional population for each species was a laboratory susceptible strain. Discriminating dose assays determined eight out of the nine T. castaneum populations, and all five populations of R. dominica, contained phosphine-resistant individuals, and highest resistance frequencies were 94 and 98%, respectively. Dose-response bioassays and logit analyses determined that LC99 values were approximately 3 ppm for susceptible and 377 ppm for resistant T. castaneum, and approximately 2 ppm for susceptible and 3,430 ppm for resistant R. dominica. The most resistant T. castaneum population was 119-fold more resistant than the susceptible strain and the most resistant R. dominica population was over 1,500-fold more resistant. Results suggest a substantial increase in phosphine resistance in these major stored-wheat pests in the past 21 yr, and these levels of resistance to phosphine approach those reported for other stored-grain pest species in other countries.
磷化氢气体，或磷化氢（PH3），是全球应用于耐储产品最普遍的杀虫剂，并且在美国，它通常用于处理散装储存的谷物和其他耐储产品。20 世纪 80 年代末的研究表明，在俄克拉荷马州收集的谷物昆虫种中，对各种残留谷物保护剂杀虫剂和磷化氢的抗性频率较低。本研究使用了与早期研究相同的先前建立的区分剂量磷化氢毒性生物测定法，评估了来自俄克拉荷马州不同地理位置的 9 个不同红麦蝽种群和 5 个小谷盗种群成虫的抗性。每个物种的另外一个种群是实验室敏感株。区分剂量测定法确定了 9 个红麦蝽种群中的 8 个，以及 5 个小谷盗种群中的所有个体都含有磷化氢抗性个体，最高抗性频率分别为 94%和 98%。剂量反应生物测定法和对数分析确定，敏感的 LC99 值约为 3 ppm，而抗性的 LC99 值约为 377 ppm；敏感的 LC99 值约为 2 ppm，而抗性的 LC99 值约为 3430 ppm。最具抗性的红麦蝽种群比敏感株高 119 倍，而最具抗性的小谷盗种群则高 1500 倍以上。研究结果表明，在过去的 21 年里，这些主要的储粮害虫对磷化氢的抗性显著增加，而且这些磷化氢抗性水平接近其他国家储存谷物害虫的报道水平。
