Sulfite action in glycolytic inhibition: in vivo real-time observation by hyperpolarized (13)C NMR spectroscopy.

Detecting the molecular targets of xenobiotic substances in vivo poses a considerable analytical challenge. Here, we describe the use of an NMR-based tracer methodology for the instantaneous in vivo observation of sulfur(IV) action on cellular metabolism. Specifically, we find that glycolytic flux is directed towards sulfite adducts of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and pyruvate as off-pathway intermediates that obstruct glycolytic flux. In particular, the pyruvate-sulfite association hinders the formation of downstream metabolites. The apparent in vivo association constant of pyruvate and sulfite agrees with the apparent inhibition constant of CO(2) formation, thus supporting the importance of pyruvate interception in disturbing central metabolism and inhibiting NAD regeneration.