Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;762:201-38. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_8.
Dendritic cells and their subsets are diverse populations of immune cells in the skin and mucous membranes that possess the ability to sense the presence of microbes and orchestrate an efficient and adapted immune response. Dendritic cells (DC) have the unique ability to act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells are composed of a number of subsets behaving with preferential and specific features depending on their location and surrounding environment. Langerhans cells (LC) or dermal DC (dDC) are readily present in mucosal areas. Other DC subsets such as plasmacytoid DC (pDC), myeloid DC (myDC), or monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) are thought to be recruited or differentiated in sites of pathogenic challenge. Upon HIV infection, DC and their subsets are likely among the very first immune cells to encounter incoming pathogens and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as evidenced during HIV infection, some pathogens have evolved subtle strategies to hijack key cellular machineries essential to generate efficient antiviral responses and subvert immune responses for spread and survival.In this chapter, we review recent research aimed at investigating the involvement of DC subtypes in HIV transmission at mucosal sites, concentrating on HIV impact on cellular signalling and trafficking pathways in DC leading to DC-mediated immune response alterations and viral immune evasion. We also address some aspects of DC functions during the chronic immune pathogenesis and conclude with an overview of the current and novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies aimed at improving DC-mediated immune responses, thus to potentially tackle the early events of mucosal HIV infection and spread.
树突状细胞及其亚群是皮肤和黏膜中具有感知微生物存在并协调有效和适应性免疫反应能力的多种免疫细胞。树突状细胞 (DC) 具有作为先天免疫和适应性免疫反应之间桥梁的独特能力。这些细胞由许多亚群组成，根据其位置和周围环境表现出优先和特定的特征。朗格汉斯细胞 (LC) 或真皮 DC (dDC) 很容易存在于黏膜区域。其他 DC 亚群，如浆细胞样 DC (pDC)、髓样 DC (myDC) 或单核细胞衍生的 DC (MDDC)，被认为是在病原体攻击的部位募集或分化而来的。在 HIV 感染后，DC 和它们的亚群很可能是最早遇到外来病原体并启动先天和适应性免疫反应的免疫细胞之一。然而，正如 HIV 感染期间所证明的那样，一些病原体已经进化出微妙的策略来劫持关键的细胞机制，这些机制对于产生有效的抗病毒反应至关重要，并颠覆免疫反应以促进传播和生存。在本章中，我们综述了最近旨在研究 DC 亚型在黏膜部位 HIV 传播中的作用的研究，重点关注 HIV 对 DC 中细胞信号转导和运输途径的影响，导致 DC 介导的免疫反应改变和病毒免疫逃逸。我们还讨论了 DC 在慢性免疫发病机制中的一些功能，并总结了目前和新型的治疗和预防策略，旨在改善 DC 介导的免疫反应，从而有可能解决黏膜 HIV 感染和传播的早期事件。
