Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;762:45-70. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_2.
The main route of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is via unprotected sexual intercourse, and therefore, vaginal tissues and male foreskin are viral entry sites. Langerhans cells (LCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) are amongst the first immune cells encountering HIV-1 since these cells line these mucosal tissues. Both LCs and DCs are equipped with specific pattern recognition receptors that not only sense pathogens, but induce specific immune responses against these pathogens. LCs express the C-type lectin receptor langerin, which provides protection against HIV-1 infection. In contrast, DCs express the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN, which facilitates capture as well as infection of DCs and subsequent transmission to CD4(+) T cells. This chapter gives an update on immune responses elicited against viruses and sheds a light on different immune mechanisms that are hijacked by HIV-1 to infect the host. HIV-1 infection ultimately leads to the worldwide pandemic acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
人类免疫缺陷病毒 1 型（HIV-1）的主要感染途径是无保护的性行为，因此，阴道组织和男性包皮是病毒进入的部位。朗格汉斯细胞（LCs）和树突状细胞（DCs）是最早遇到 HIV-1 的免疫细胞之一，因为这些细胞排列在这些黏膜组织中。LCs 和 DCs 都配备了特定的模式识别受体，这些受体不仅可以识别病原体，还可以诱导针对这些病原体的特异性免疫反应。LCs 表达 C 型凝集素受体 langerin，它可以提供针对 HIV-1 感染的保护。相比之下，DCs 表达 C 型凝集素受体 DC-SIGN，它促进了 DCs 的捕获和感染，以及随后向 CD4(+)T 细胞的传播。本章介绍了针对病毒引发的免疫反应的最新进展，并阐明了 HIV-1 劫持的不同免疫机制，这些机制可导致宿主感染。HIV-1 感染最终导致了全球范围内的获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）流行。
