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外骨骼和内骨骼中的形状优化:生物力学分析。

Shape optimization in exoskeletons and endoskeletons: a biomechanics analysis.

机构信息

Mechanical Engineering Department, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.

出版信息

J R Soc Interface. 2012 Dec 7;9(77):3480-9. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0567. Epub 2012 Sep 12.

Abstract

This paper addresses the question of strength and mechanical failure in exoskeletons and endoskeletons. We developed a new, more sophisticated model to predict failure in bones and other limb segments, modelled as hollow tubes of radius r and thickness t. Five failure modes were considered: transverse fracture; buckling (of three different kinds) and longitudinal splitting. We also considered interactions between failure modes. We tested the hypothesis that evolutionary adaptation tends towards an optimum value of r/t, this being the value which gives the highest strength (i.e. load-carrying capacity) for a given weight. We analysed two examples of arthropod exoskeletons: the crab merus and the locust tibia, using data from the literature and estimating the stresses during typical activities. In both cases, the optimum r/t value for bending was found to be different from that for axial compression. We found that the crab merus experiences similar levels of bending and compression in vivo and that its r/t value represents an ideal compromise to resist these two types of loading. The locust tibia, however, is loaded almost exclusively in bending and was found to be optimized for this loading mode. Vertebrate long bones were found to be far from optimal, having much lower r/t values than predicted, and in this respect our conclusions differ from those of previous workers. We conclude that our theoretical model, though it has some limitations, is useful for investigating evolutionary development of skeletal form in exoskeletons and endoskeletons.

摘要

本文探讨了外骨骼和内骨骼的强度和机械失效问题。我们开发了一种新的、更复杂的模型,用于预测骨骼和其他肢体段的失效,这些模型被建模为半径为 r 和厚度为 t 的空心管。考虑了五种失效模式:横向断裂;屈曲(三种不同类型)和纵向劈裂。我们还考虑了失效模式之间的相互作用。我们检验了这样一个假设,即进化适应倾向于 r/t 的最佳值,这是给定重量下给出最高强度(即承载能力)的值。我们分析了两种节肢动物外骨骼的例子:螃蟹的桡骨和蝗虫的胫骨,使用文献中的数据并估计了典型活动期间的应力。在这两种情况下,弯曲的最佳 r/t 值与轴向压缩的最佳 r/t 值不同。我们发现,螃蟹的桡骨在体内经历相似水平的弯曲和压缩,其 r/t 值代表了抵抗这两种类型的负载的理想折衷。然而,蝗虫的胫骨几乎完全承受弯曲载荷,并且被发现针对这种加载模式进行了优化。脊椎动物长骨远非最佳,其 r/t 值比预测值低得多,在这方面,我们的结论与以前的研究人员不同。我们得出结论,尽管我们的理论模型存在一些局限性,但它对于研究外骨骼和内骨骼的骨骼形态的进化发展是有用的。

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本文引用的文献

1
Fracture toughness of locust cuticle.蝗虫表皮的断裂韧性。
J Exp Biol. 2012 May 1;215(Pt 9):1502-8. doi: 10.1242/jeb.068221.
6
The mechanics of elevation control in locust jumping.蝗虫跳跃中高度控制的力学原理。
J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2008 Jun;194(6):557-63. doi: 10.1007/s00359-008-0329-z. Epub 2008 Mar 29.
7
Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle.昆虫表皮的设计与力学性能。
Arthropod Struct Dev. 2004 Jul;33(3):187-99. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2004.05.006.
10
The prediction of stress fractures using a 'stressed volume' concept.
J Orthop Res. 2001 Sep;19(5):919-26. doi: 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00009-2.

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