de Oliveira Aline Albuquerque S
University of Brasília, UNESCO's Cathedra of Bioethics, Brasilia, Brazil.
Rev Derecho Genoma Hum. 2011 Jan-Jun(34):21-50.
This article aims to explore the increasing interconnection between bioethics and human rights that can be observed in recent international norms relating to biomedicine. To this end, the analysis has been focused on the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR) adopted by UNESCO in 2005. Investigating the meanings of the intersection perceived in the UDBHR has led to the understanding of how bioethics and human rights are in accordance, under the normative perspective. Hence, in normative terms, the intersection between bioethics and human rights is clearly undisputable. However, there is no way to affirm that it is consolidated, as UDBHR's adoption is recent and its consolidation, together with its precepts, depends on state and non-state agents. The efficacy of a norm and its content depends on social, cultural and economic conditions, that is, it depends on a series of factors that influence the normative system. In the case of the UDBHR, its effective application and assimilation of its principles are directly linked to the use that bioethical institutions make of them and to how the community of bioethicists will project them in their thoughts and theory production. If, on the one hand UDBHR symbolizes the intersection confirmation--which is of extreme importance for its consolidation--on the other hand its range and consequent stabilization are submitted to the actions from governments, social institutions and bioethicists. Hence, there is still a lot to do in terms of introducing the human rights precepts into bioethics. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this goal. Thus based on the meanings of the intersection between bioethics and human rights identified in the UDBHR, this article presents five ways to understand the connection between these two fields.
本文旨在探讨生物伦理学与人权之间日益增强的相互联系，这种联系在近期与生物医学相关的国际规范中可见一斑。为此，分析聚焦于联合国教科文组织2005年通过的《生物伦理与人权普遍宣言》（UDBHR）。研究UDBHR中所体现的交叉点的意义，有助于从规范视角理解生物伦理学与人权是如何相互契合的。因此，从规范角度来看，生物伦理学与人权之间的交叉点显然无可争议。然而，由于UDBHR是近期才通过的，其巩固以及其中的戒律取决于国家和非国家行为体，所以无法断言这种交叉点已经稳固确立。一项规范的效力及其内容取决于社会、文化和经济状况，也就是说，它取决于一系列影响规范体系的因素。就UDBHR而言，其有效应用及其原则的吸收，直接与生物伦理机构对这些原则的运用以及生物伦理学家群体在其思想和理论创作中对这些原则的阐释方式相关。一方面，UDBHR象征着交叉点的确认——这对其巩固极为重要——另一方面，其范围以及随之而来的稳定性取决于政府、社会机构和生物伦理学家的行动。因此，在将人权戒律引入生物伦理学方面仍有许多工作要做。本文的目的就是为实现这一目标做出贡献。因此，基于在UDBHR中确定的生物伦理学与人权交叉点的意义，本文提出了理解这两个领域之间联系的五种方式。
