Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Chem Soc Rev. 2013 Jan 7;42(1):15-28. doi: 10.1039/c2cs35286a. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
This tutorial review will introduce and explore the fundamental aspects of nanopore (bio)sensing, fabrication, modification, and the emerging technologies and applications that both intrigue and inspire those working in and around the field. Although nanopores can be classified into two categories, solid-state and biological, they are essentially two sides of the same coin. For instance, both garner popularity due to their ability to confine analytes of interest to a nanoscale volume. Due to the vast diversity of nanopore platforms and applications, no single review can cover the entire landscape of published work in the field. Therefore, in this article focus will be placed on recent advancements and developments taking place in the field of solid-state nanopores. It should be stated that the intention of this tutorial review is not to cite all articles relating to solid-state nanopores, but rather to highlight recent, select developments that will hopefully benefit the new and seasoned scientist alike. Initially we begin with the fundamentals of solid-state nanopore sensing. Then the spotlight is shone on the sophisticated fabrication methods that have their origins in the semiconductor industry. One inherent advantage of solid-state nanopores is in the ease of functionalizing the surface with a range of molecules carrying functional groups. Therefore, an entire section is devoted to highlighting various chemical and bio-molecular modifications and explores how these permit the development of novel sensors with specific targets and functions. The review is completed with a discussion on novel detection strategies using nanopores. Although the most popular mode of nanopore sensing is based upon what has come to be known as ionic-current blockade sensing, there is a vast, growing literature based around exploring alternative detection techniques to further expand on the versatility of the sensors. Such techniques include optical, electronic, and force based methods. It is perhaps fair to say that these new frontiers have caused further excitement within the sensing community.
本教程综述将介绍和探讨纳米孔（生物）传感的基本方面，包括制造、修饰以及新兴技术和应用，这些都激发了该领域内外的研究人员的兴趣。虽然纳米孔可以分为两类，即固态和生物纳米孔，但它们本质上是同一事物的两面。例如，由于它们能够将感兴趣的分析物限制在纳米级体积内，因此两者都受到了广泛关注。由于纳米孔平台和应用的多样性，没有单一的综述可以涵盖该领域发表的全部工作。因此，本文将重点介绍固态纳米孔领域的最新进展和发展。应当指出的是，本教程综述的目的不是引用所有与固态纳米孔相关的文章，而是强调最近的、有选择性的发展，希望这些发展对新老科学家都有所裨益。首先，我们从固态纳米孔传感的基本原理开始。然后，重点介绍起源于半导体行业的复杂制造方法。固态纳米孔的一个固有优势是，很容易用带有功能基团的各种分子对其表面进行功能化。因此，专门有一部分内容用于突出各种化学和生物分子修饰，并探讨这些修饰如何允许开发具有特定目标和功能的新型传感器。最后，我们讨论了使用纳米孔的新型检测策略。尽管基于离子电流阻塞传感的纳米孔传感模式最为流行，但基于探索替代检测技术以进一步扩展传感器的多功能性的文献也在迅速增加。此类技术包括光学、电子和基于力的方法。可以说，这些新领域在传感界引起了进一步的兴奋。
