Training birds and small mammals for medical behaviors.

The use of operant conditioning in a zoologic setting allows zookeepers and other animal caretakers to train birds and small mammals to participate willingly in medical procedures. By using operant conditioning with an emphasis on positive reinforcement, small mammals and birds can be trained to cooperate in their own medical care in many ways. This conditioning can reduce stress for animals, caretakers, and veterinarians as well as reduce the potential for animal injuries. This article includes case studies of what the author has identified as foundation behaviors, intermediate behaviors, and advanced behaviors and the methods used to train them.