Larson R W, Raffaelli M, Richards M H, Ham M, Jewell L
Division of Human Development & Family Ecology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
J Abnorm Psychol. 1990 Feb;99(1):92-102. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.99.1.92.
This study investigated daily states and time use patterns associated with depression. Four hundred eighty-three 5th to 9th graders reported on their experience when signalled by pagers at random times. Depressed youth reported more negative affect and social emotions, lower psychological investment, lower energy, and greater variability in affect. These differences were weaker for 5th and 6th graders, suggesting that self-reported feeling states are a poor indicator of depression prior to adolescence. No differences were found in the daily activities of depressed youths nor in the amount of time spent alone, but depressed youths experienced other people as less friendly and more often reported wanting to be alone, especially when with their families. They also spent less time in public places and more time in their bedrooms. Finally, depressed boys, but not girls, spent much less time with friends, particularly of the same sex, suggesting that social isolation is more strongly associated with depression for boys.
本研究调查了与抑郁相关的日常状态和时间使用模式。483名五至九年级学生报告了他们在随机时间被传呼机呼叫时的经历。抑郁的青少年报告了更多的负面情绪和社交情绪、更低的心理投入、更低的精力以及更大的情绪波动。这些差异在五年级和六年级学生中较弱，这表明自我报告的情绪状态在青春期之前并不是抑郁的良好指标。在抑郁青少年的日常活动或独处时间上未发现差异，但抑郁的青少年觉得他人不太友好，并且更常报告想要独处，尤其是与家人在一起时。他们在公共场所花费的时间也更少，而在卧室里花费的时间更多。最后，抑郁的男孩，而非女孩，与朋友相处的时间少得多，尤其是与同性朋友，这表明社会隔离与男孩的抑郁关联更强。
