HIV infection and osteoporosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options.

As the population with HIV continues to age, specialists in HIV care are increasingly encountering chronic health conditions, which now include osteoporosis, osteopenia, and fragility fractures. The pathophysiology of the bone effects of HIV infection is complex and includes traditional risk factors for bone loss as well as specific effects due to the virus itself, chronic inflammation, and HAART. Examining risk factors for low bone density and screening of certain patients is suggested, and consideration should be given to treatment for those considered high risk for fracture.