Richman J A, Flaherty J A
Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612.
Soc Sci Med. 1990;30(7):777-87. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90201-3.
Gender differences in psychological distress among future physicians are addressed from contrasting role-related stress and socialization-based vulnerability perspectives. A medical student cohort was surveyed at medical school entrance and after one year of training, focusing on earlier familial relationships, personality and social support resources, perceived medical school stressors and alcohol consumption and depressive and anxiety symptomatology. Relative to socialization perspectives, the sexes manifested more similarities than differences at time 1, although the females manifested lower overall psychopathology, but greater perceived paternal overprotection in childhood. Relative to role stress perspectives, both sexes reported increased psychopathology by the time 2 point. The sexes did not differ in perceived medical school-related stressors, while females manifested better social supports at time 2. The psychosocial predictors of increased subjective distress for both sexes included perceived earlier familial relationships and medical school stressors. The only predictor of increased drinking (by males) was time 1 drinking level. Future research on gender roles and distress should assess both male and female modes of psychopathology and should address antecedents of role entrance in addition to the (presumed) consequences of role incumbency.
从角色相关压力和基于社会化的易感性这两个对比视角探讨了未来医生心理困扰中的性别差异。对一组医学生在入学时和经过一年培训后进行了调查，重点关注早期家庭关系、性格和社会支持资源、感知到的医学院压力源、饮酒情况以及抑郁和焦虑症状。相对于社会化视角，在时间1时，两性表现出的相似性多于差异，尽管女性总体心理病理学程度较低，但童年时感知到的父亲过度保护更强。相对于角色压力视角，到时间2点时，两性报告的心理病理学程度都有所增加。两性在感知到的与医学院相关的压力源方面没有差异，而女性在时间2时表现出更好的社会支持。两性主观困扰增加的心理社会预测因素包括感知到的早期家庭关系和医学院压力源。饮酒增加（男性）的唯一预测因素是时间1的饮酒水平。未来关于性别角色和困扰的研究应评估男性和女性心理病理学模式，并应除了角色在职（假定）后果之外，还要探讨角色进入的前因。
