Liu T, Flöthmann E-J
Fakultät für Soziologie, Universität Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Deutschland.
Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2013 Jul;46(5):465-75. doi: 10.1007/s00391-012-0401-8.
In China, fundamental changes in population development have occurred during the past 50 years. The demographic transition in China required only a few years, while in most European countries this process took several decades. The fertility and mortality rates have declined very quickly, like in Japan and South Korea. China is one of the countries that has passed through the transition process the quickest. In the following article, this development is considered in more detail. Even if the fertility and mortality rates should stabilize at a new low level, which today certainly cannot be conclusively stated, the age effects will persist for the next few decades. The demographic aging during recent years will increase enormously in the coming decades. This development leads to far-reaching social and political challenges. The demographic aging in China is associated with a loss of function of the family. Both developments have a strong impact on the old-age insurance and on old-age care. Only a few years ago did politics and society start to respond with comprehensive reforms. For example, a modern pension system was introduced, but only in urban areas of China. Rural populations are still waiting for such reforms even today. Currently, there is a pilot project to gain experience with a pension system for the entire population. In contrast to the old-age insurance, in China there is very little public interest in old-age care because the elderly have until now been only a matter for the family. In the near future, the changing role of family and demographic aging will require a greater discussion about the care of older people in China.
在过去50年里，中国人口发展发生了根本性变化。中国的人口转变只用了几年时间，而在大多数欧洲国家，这一过程花费了几十年。生育率和死亡率下降得非常快，与日本和韩国情况类似。中国是经历这一转变过程最快的国家之一。在接下来的文章中，将更详细地探讨这一发展情况。即使生育率和死亡率应稳定在一个新的低水平，而目前当然无法最终确定这一点，但年龄效应在未来几十年仍将持续。近年来的人口老龄化在未来几十年将大幅加剧。这一发展带来了深远的社会和政治挑战。中国的人口老龄化与家庭功能丧失相关。这两个发展趋势对养老保险和养老护理都有很大影响。就在几年前，政治和社会才开始通过全面改革来应对。例如，引入了现代养老金制度，但仅在中国城市地区。农村人口至今仍在等待此类改革。目前，有一个为全体人口建立养老金制度的试点项目。与养老保险不同，在中国，养老护理方面的公众关注度很低，因为到目前为止，老年人一直只是家庭的事情。在不久的将来，家庭角色的变化和人口老龄化将需要在中国就老年人护理问题展开更深入的讨论。
