Wente Sarah J K
College of Nursing, Globe University/Minnesota School of Business, Richfield, MN 55423, USA.
J Emerg Nurs. 2013 Mar;39(2):140-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2012.09.011. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
Children account for numerous ED visits each year, with the majority of children reporting pain or requiring painful procedures. The fast-paced, noisy environment, varying resources, and staff trained in taking care of pediatric patients make the ED a unique place to care for children in pain. Nonpharmacological interventions are an essential part of pain management. The purpose of this review was to examine what nonpharmacological interventions EDs are using for pain management in children ages birth to 18 years.
A systematic literature search was conducted to examine nonpharmacological interventions used for pain management of children in EDs.
Fourteen articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Ten studies used distraction, 2 examined the use of sucrose, 1 explored cold application, and 1 looked at parental holding and positioning. Benefits of using nonpharmacological methods included decreased pain, distress, and anxiety reported by the parent, child, and/or observer.
Findings suggest nonpharmacological interventions such as distraction, positioning, sucrose, and cold application may be helpful in pediatric pain management in the ED. Nurses can implement these methods independently when caring for children and their families. In addition, nonpharmacological methods are relatively inexpensive to organizations.
儿童每年有大量急诊就诊情况，大多数儿童诉说疼痛或需要接受疼痛性操作。快节奏、嘈杂的环境、资源各异以及接受过照顾儿科患者培训的工作人员，使得急诊科成为照顾疼痛儿童的独特场所。非药物干预是疼痛管理的重要组成部分。本综述的目的是研究急诊科针对18岁以下儿童疼痛管理所采用的非药物干预措施。
进行了一项系统性文献检索，以研究急诊科用于儿童疼痛管理的非药物干预措施。
14篇文章符合纳入/排除标准。10项研究采用了分散注意力的方法，2项研究探讨了蔗糖的使用，1项研究探索了冷敷，1项研究关注了父母的怀抱和体位。使用非药物方法的益处包括父母、儿童和/或观察者报告的疼痛、痛苦和焦虑减轻。
研究结果表明，分散注意力、体位调整、蔗糖和冷敷等非药物干预措施可能有助于急诊科的儿科疼痛管理。护士在照顾儿童及其家庭时可独立实施这些方法。此外，非药物方法对医疗机构来说成本相对较低。
