School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2012;106:1-33. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407178-0.00002-8.
The adult central nervous system (CNS) has only a limited capacity to regenerate axons after injury. This is due to a number of factors including the presence of extrinsic inhibitory factors that limit plasticity, lack of effective trophic support, and intrinsic changes in neuronal responsiveness. In this review, we describe the expression and role of neurotrophins in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) during development and adulthood, and the receptors and miscellaneous signaling systems that influence axonal regeneration after injury. The impact of exogenous neurotrophic factors on adult RGCs injured at different sites in the visual pathway is described for several modes of delivery, including recombinant factors, viral vectors, cell transplantation, as well as combinatorial treatments involving other pharmacotherapeutic agents. Indirect, off-target effects of neurotrophic factors on RGC axonal regeneration are also considered. There remain unresolved issues relating to optimal delivery of neurotrophic factors, and we emphasize the need to develop safe, reliable methods for the regulation of exogenous supply of these factors to the injured CNS.
成人中枢神经系统（CNS）在受伤后只有有限的轴突再生能力。这是由于多种因素造成的，包括存在抑制可塑性的外在抑制因子、缺乏有效的营养支持以及神经元反应性的内在变化。在这篇综述中，我们描述了神经营养因子在发育和成年过程中对视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的表达和作用，以及影响损伤后轴突再生的受体和其他信号转导系统。描述了几种给药方式（包括重组因子、病毒载体、细胞移植以及涉及其他药物治疗的联合治疗）对视觉通路不同部位损伤的成年 RGC 中外源神经营养因子的影响。还考虑了神经营养因子对 RGC 轴突再生的间接、非靶向作用。与神经营养因子的最佳传递相关的问题仍然没有得到解决，我们强调需要开发安全、可靠的方法来调节这些因子在受伤 CNS 中的外源性供应。
