Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jan 15;443:470-7. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.001. Epub 2012 Dec 3.
Copper (Cu) containing fungicides have been used for more than one century in Europe on agricultural soils, such as vineyard soils. Total Cu concentrations in such soils can exceed toxicological limits that are commonly derived using artificially spiked soils. This study surveyed Cu toxicity in vineyard soils with reference to soils spiked with CuCl(2). Soil was collected in six established European vineyards. At each site, samples representing a Cu concentration gradient were collected. A control (uncontaminated) soil sampled nearby the vineyard was spiked with CuCl(2). Toxicity was tested using standard ecotoxicity tests: two plant assays (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (tomato) and Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) growth), one microbial assay (nitrification) and one invertebrate assay (Enchytraeus albidus reproduction). Maximal total Cu concentrations in the vineyard sites ranged 435-690 mg Cu kg(-1), well above the local background (23-105 mg Cu kg(-1)). Toxicity in spiked soils (50% inhibition) was observed at added soil Cu concentrations from 190 to 1039 mg Cu kg(-1) (mean 540 mg Cu kg(-1)) depending on the assay and the site. In contrast, significant adverse effects were only found for three bioassays in vineyard samples of one site and for two bioassays in another site. Biological responses in these cases were more importantly explained by other soil properties than soil Cu. Overall, no Cu toxicity to plants, microbial processes and invertebrates was observed in vineyard soil samples at Cu concentrations well above European Union limits protecting the soil ecosystem.
铜（Cu）杀菌剂在欧洲农业土壤（如葡萄园土壤）上使用已超过一个世纪。此类土壤中的总 Cu 浓度可能超过通常使用人工添加土壤得出的毒性限值。本研究调查了葡萄园土壤中的 Cu 毒性，参考了添加 CuCl2 的土壤。在六个已建立的欧洲葡萄园采集了土壤样本。在每个地点，采集了代表 Cu 浓度梯度的样本。在葡萄园附近采集的对照（未污染）土壤添加了 CuCl2。使用标准生态毒性测试测试了毒性：两种植物测定法（番茄和大麦生长）、一种微生物测定法（硝化作用）和一种无脊椎动物测定法（白蚯蚓繁殖）。葡萄园土壤中总 Cu 浓度的最大值为 435-690 mg Cu kg(-1)，远高于当地背景值（23-105 mg Cu kg(-1)）。在添加的土壤 Cu 浓度为 190 至 1039 mg Cu kg(-1)（平均 540 mg Cu kg(-1)）时，观察到添加土壤的毒性（50%抑制），具体取决于测定法和地点。相比之下，仅在一个地点的一个葡萄园样本和另一个地点的两个生物测定法中发现了三个生物测定法和两个生物测定法的显著不良影响。在这些情况下，土壤 Cu 以外的其他土壤特性对生物响应的解释更为重要。总体而言，在 Cu 浓度远高于保护土壤生态系统的欧盟限值的情况下，在葡萄园土壤样本中未观察到对植物、微生物过程和无脊椎动物的 Cu 毒性。
