Contrast induced nephropathy: an update on diagnosis, predictors, implications and preventive strategies.

This review provides an update on the incidence, diagnosis, predictors, implications and strategies of prevention of renal function impairment in patients undergoing intraarterial administration of iodinated contrast media. New criteria to timely and accurately diagnose clinically significant renal injury related to contrast media exposure are discussed. Special focus is pointed on the critical appraisal of the existing hydration regimens and the novel modalities to prevent contrast induced nephropathy including pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies.