Periodicity of DNA folding in higher order chromatin structures.

Each level of DNA folding in cells corresponds to a distinct chromatin structure. The basic chromatin units, nucleosomes, are arranged into solenoids which form chromatin loops. To characterize better the loop organization of chromatin we have assumed that the accessibility of DNA inside these structures is lower than on the outside and examined the size distribution of high mol. wt DNA fragments obtained from cells and isolated nuclei after digestion with endogenous nuclease or topoisomerase II. The largest discrete fragments obtained contain 300 kbp of DNA. Their further degradation proceeds through another discrete size step of 50 kbp. This suggests that chromatin loops contain approximately 50 kbp of DNA and that they are grouped into hexameric rosettes at the next higher level of chromatin structure. Based upon these observations a model by which the 30 nm chromatin fibre can be folded up into compact metaphase chromosomes is also described.