Kong Lingkun, Fry Melinda, Al-Samarraie Mohannad, Gilbert Clare, Steinkuller Paul G
Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
J AAPOS. 2012 Dec;16(6):501-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.09.004.
To summarize the available data on pediatric blinding disease worldwide and to present current information on childhood blindness in the United States.
A systematic search of world literature published since 1999 was conducted. Data also were solicited from each state school for the blind in the United States.
In developing countries, 7% to 31% of childhood blindness and visual impairment is avoidable, 10% to 58% is treatable, and 3% to 28% is preventable. Corneal opacification is the leading cause of blindness in Africa, but the rate has decreased significantly from 56% in 1999 to 28% in 2012. There is no national registry of the blind in the United States, and most schools for the blind do not maintain data regarding the cause of blindness in their students. From those schools that do have such information, the top three causes are cortical visual impairment, optic nerve hypoplasia, and retinopathy of prematurity, which have not changed in past 10 years.
There are marked regional differences in the causes of blindness in children, apparently based on socioeconomic factors that limit prevention and treatment schemes. In the United States, the 3 leading causes of childhood blindness appear to be cortical visual impairment, optic nerve hypoplasia, and retinopathy of prematurity; a national registry of the blind would allow accumulation of more complete and reliable data for accurate determination of the prevalence of each.
总结全球范围内有关儿童致盲疾病的现有数据，并呈现美国儿童失明的当前信息。
对1999年以来发表的世界文献进行系统检索。还向美国各州盲人学校征集了数据。
在发展中国家，7%至31%的儿童失明和视力损害是可避免的，10%至58%是可治疗的，3%至28%是可预防的。角膜混浊是非洲失明的主要原因，但该比例已从1999年的56%显著下降至2012年的28%。美国没有全国性的盲人登记册，大多数盲人学校也不保存有关学生失明原因的数据。从那些有此类信息的学校来看，前三大原因是皮质视觉障碍、视神经发育不全和早产儿视网膜病变，在过去10年中这些原因并未改变。
儿童失明的原因存在明显的地区差异，这显然是基于限制预防和治疗方案的社会经济因素。在美国，儿童失明的三大主要原因似乎是皮质视觉障碍、视神经发育不全和早产儿视网膜病变；全国性的盲人登记册将有助于积累更完整、可靠的数据，以便准确确定每种疾病的患病率。
