Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
J Comp Neurol. 2013 Jul 1;521(10):2321-58. doi: 10.1002/cne.23288.
Defining how arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts centrally to regulate homeostasis and behavior is problematic, as AVP is made in multiple nuclei in the hypothalamus (i.e., paraventricular [PVN], supraoptic [SON], and suprachiasmatic [SCN]) and extended amygdala (i.e., bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [BNST] and medial amygdala [MeA]), and these groups of neurons have extensive projections throughout the brain. To understand the function of AVP, it is essential to know the site of origin of various projections. In mice, we used gonadectomy to eliminate gonadal steroid hormone-dependent expression of AVP in the BNST and MeA and electrolytic lesions to eliminate the SCN, effectively eliminating those AVP-immunoreactive projections; we also quantified AVP-immunoreactive fiber density in gonadectomized and sham-operated male and female mice to examine sex differences in AVP innervation. Our results suggest that the BNST/MeA AVP system innervates regions containing major modulatory neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and dopamine) and thus may be involved in regulating behavioral state. Furthermore, this system may be biased toward the regulation of male behavior, given the numerous regions in which males have a denser AVP-immunoreactive innervation than females. AVP from the SCN is found in regions important for the regulation of hormone output and behavior. Innervation from the PVN and SON is found in brain regions that likely work in concert with the well-known peripheral AVP actions of controlling homeostasis and stress response; female-biased sex differences in this system may be related to the heightened stress response observed in females.
定义精氨酸加压素 (AVP) 如何在中枢发挥作用以调节体内平衡和行为是有问题的，因为 AVP 是在下丘脑（即室旁核 [PVN]、视上核 [SON] 和视交叉上核 [SCN]）和扩展的杏仁核（即终纹床核 [BNST] 和内侧杏仁核 [MeA]）中的多个核中产生的，这些神经元群体具有广泛的大脑投射。为了了解 AVP 的功能，了解各种投射的起源部位至关重要。在小鼠中，我们使用性腺切除术消除 BNST 和 MeA 中依赖于性腺类固醇激素的 AVP 表达，用电解法损伤 SCN，有效地消除了那些 AVP 免疫反应性投射；我们还量化了性腺切除和假手术的雄性和雌性小鼠中的 AVP 免疫反应性纤维密度，以检查 AVP 支配的性别差异。我们的结果表明，BNST/MeA AVP 系统支配含有主要调节神经递质（例如，血清素和多巴胺）的区域，因此可能参与调节行为状态。此外，鉴于雄性比雌性具有更密集的 AVP 免疫反应性支配的众多区域，该系统可能偏向于调节雄性行为。来自 SCN 的 AVP 存在于调节激素输出和行为的重要区域。来自 PVN 和 SON 的支配存在于可能与众所周知的控制体内平衡和应激反应的外周 AVP 作用协同作用的大脑区域；该系统中女性偏爱的性别差异可能与女性观察到的应激反应增强有关。
