Strategies for the selective regulation of kinases with allosteric modulators: exploiting exclusive structural features.

The modulation of kinase function has become an important goal in modern drug discovery and chemical biology research. In cancer-targeted therapies, kinase inhibitors have been experiencing an upsurge, which can be measured by the increasing number of kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA in recent years. However, lack of efficacy, limited selectivity, and the emergence of acquired drug resistance still represent major bottlenecks in the clinic and challenge inhibitor development. Most known kinase inhibitors target the active kinase and are ATP competitive. A second class of small organic molecules, which address remote sites of the kinase and stabilize enzymatically inactive conformations, is rapidly moving to the forefront of kinase inhibitor research. Such allosteric modulators bind to sites that are less conserved across the kinome and only accessible upon conformational changes. These molecules are therefore thought to provide various advantages such as higher selectivity and extended drug target residence times. This review highlights various strategies that have been developed to utilizing exclusive structural features of kinases and thereby modulating their activity allosterically.