Anatomy and embryology of the small saphenous vein: nerve relationships and implications for treatment.

The aim of this paper is to describe the anatomical relations of the small saphenous vein (SSV) in order to define the high-risk zones for the treatment of chronic venous disease. The SSV runs in the saphenous compartment demarcated by two fascia layers: a muscular fascia and a membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue. The clinician should be keenly aware of the anatomical pitfalls related to the close proximity of nerves to the SSV in order to avoid their injury: At the ankle, the origin of the SSV is often plexiform, located deep below the fascia, and the nerve is really stuck to the vein. The apex of the calf is an area of high risk due to the confluence of nerves which perforate the aponeurosis. Moreover, the possible existence of a 'short saphenous artery' which poses a high risk for injection of a sclerosing agent due to a highly variable disposition of this artery surrounding the SSV trunk. For this reason, procedures under echo guidance in this area are mandatory. The popliteal fossa is probably a higher risk zone due to the vicinity of the nerves: the small saphenous arch is close to the tibial nerve, or sometimes the nerve of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In conclusion, before foam injection or surgery, a triple mapping of the small saphenous territory is mandatory: venous haemodynamical mapping verifying the anatomy that is highly variable, nerve mapping to avoid trauma of the nerves and arterial mapping. This anatomical study will help to define the main high-risk zones.