Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Jul;20(7):4621-34. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1417-8. Epub 2013 Jan 3.
This study comprises the first application of the Passive Flux Meter (PFM) for the measurement of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) mass fluxes and Darcy water fluxes in groundwater at a European field site. The PFM was originally developed and applied to measurements near source zones. The focus of the PFM is extended from near source to plume zones. For this purpose, 48 PFMs of 1.4 m length were constructed and installed in eight different monitoring wells in the source and plume zone of a CAH-contaminated field site located in France. The PFMs were retrieved, sampled, and analyzed after 3 to 11 weeks of exposure time, depending on the expected contaminant flux. PFM evaluation criteria include analytical, technical, and practical aspects as well as conditions and applicability. PFM flux data were compared with so-called traditional soil and groundwater concentration data obtained using active sampling methods. The PFMs deliver reasonable results for source as well as plume zones. The limiting factor in the PFM applicability is the exposure time together with the groundwater flux. Measured groundwater velocities at the field site range from 2 to 41 cm/day. Measured contaminant flux data raise up to 13 g/m(2)/day for perchloroethylene in the plume zone. Calculated PFM flux averaged concentration data and traditional concentration data were of similar magnitude for most wells. However, both datasets need to be compared with reservation because of the different sampling nature and time. Two important issues are the PFM tracer loss during installation/extraction and the deviation of the groundwater flow field when passing the monitoring well and PFM. The demonstration of the PFM at a CAH-contaminated field site in Europe confirmed the efficiency of the flux measurement technique for source as well as plume zones. The PFM can be applied without concerns in monitoring wells with European standards. The acquired flux data are of great value for the purpose of site characterization and mass discharge modeling, and can be used in combination with traditional soil and groundwater sampling methods.
本研究首次应用被动通量计（PFM）测量欧洲实地场地地下水中氯化脂肪烃（CAH）质量通量和达西水流通量。PFM 最初是为靠近源区的测量而开发和应用的。PFM 的重点从近源扩展到羽流区。为此，在法国一个 CAH 污染场地的源区和羽流区的 8 口不同监测井中建造和安装了 48 个 1.4 米长的 PFM。根据预期污染物通量，PFM 在暴露 3 至 11 周后进行回收、采样和分析。PFM 评估标准包括分析、技术和实践方面以及条件和适用性。PFM 通量数据与使用主动采样方法获得的所谓传统土壤和地下水浓度数据进行了比较。PFM 为源区和羽流区提供了合理的结果。PFM 适用性的限制因素是暴露时间和地下水通量。实地场地的实测地下水流速范围为 2 至 41 cm/天。在羽流区，测量到的污染物通量数据高达每氯代乙烯 13 g/m(2)/天。对于大多数井，计算得出的 PFM 通量平均浓度数据和传统浓度数据的量级相似。然而，由于采样性质和时间的不同，这两个数据集都需要保留地进行比较。两个重要问题是安装/提取过程中 PFM 示踪剂的损失以及监测井和 PFM 通过时地下水流场的偏差。在欧洲 CAH 污染场地的 PFM 示范证实了通量测量技术在源区和羽流区的效率。在符合欧洲标准的监测井中，可以毫无顾虑地应用 PFM。获得的通量数据对于场地特征描述和质量排放模型化非常有价值，并可与传统的土壤和地下水采样方法结合使用。
