Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
Anim Health Res Rev. 2013 Jun;14(1):2-10. doi: 10.1017/S1466252312000217. Epub 2013 Jan 3.
Regulations in the United States require animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) or biosafety level 3 agriculture (BSL-3-Ag) containment for many endemic zoonotic pathogens and etiologic agents of foreign animal diseases. In an effort to protect public health, billions of dollars were invested in regulatory programs over many years to reduce the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens such as Brucella and Mycobacterium bovis in domestic livestock. In addition to research needs in domestic livestock hosts, the establishment of brucellosis and tuberculosis in wildlife in the United States has created a need for research studies addressing these zoonotic diseases. As guidelines in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL, 2009) for BSL-3 and BSL-3-Ag facilities are primarily directed toward laboratory or vivarium facilities, additional issues should be considered in designing large animal containment facilities for domestic livestock and/or wildlife. Flight distance, herd orientation, social needs, aggressiveness, and predictability are all factors we considered on a species by species basis for designing our containment facilities and for work practices with large ruminants. Although safety risk cannot be completely eliminated when working with large animals, studies in natural hosts are critical for advancing vaccine and diagnostic development, and providing basic knowledge of disease pathogenesis in natural hosts. Data gathered in these types of studies are vital for state and national regulatory personnel in their efforts to design strategies to control or eradicate diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis in their natural hosts, whether it is domestic livestock or wildlife. It is likely that failure to address the prevalence of disease in wildlife reservoirs will lead to re-emergence in domestic livestock. The overall benefit of these studies is to protect public health, provide economic benefits to producers, and protect the economic investment made in regulatory programs.
美国的法规要求对许多地方性人畜共患病病原体和外来动物疾病的病原体进行动物生物安全 3 级（ABSL-3）或生物安全 3 级农业（BSL-3-Ag）控制。多年来，为了保护公众健康，投入了数十亿美元用于监管计划，以降低布鲁氏菌和牛分枝杆菌等人畜共患病病原体在家畜中的流行率。除了在国内牲畜宿主中的研究需求外，美国野生动物中布鲁氏菌病和结核病的建立也需要研究这些人畜共患疾病。由于《微生物学和生物医学实验室生物安全（BMBL，2009 年）》中针对 BSL-3 和 BSL-3-Ag 设施的指南主要针对实验室或动物饲养设施，因此在为国内牲畜和/或野生动物设计大型动物容纳设施时，还应考虑其他问题。飞行距离、畜群方向、社交需求、攻击性和可预测性都是我们在设计容纳设施和大反刍动物工作实践时根据物种考虑的因素。尽管在与大型动物一起工作时无法完全消除安全风险，但在天然宿主中的研究对于推进疫苗和诊断开发以及提供天然宿主中疾病发病机制的基础知识至关重要。在这些类型的研究中收集的数据对于州和国家监管人员在设计控制或根除天然宿主中布鲁氏菌病和结核病等疾病的策略方面非常重要，无论是在国内牲畜还是野生动物中。如果未能解决野生动物库中疾病的流行情况，很可能会导致疾病重新出现在家畜中。这些研究的总体好处是保护公众健康、为生产者提供经济利益，并保护在监管计划中所做的经济投资。
