Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
Chem Soc Rev. 2013 Jun 7;42(11):4728-45. doi: 10.1039/c2cs35420a. Epub 2013 Jan 4.
The quest for the construction of multivalent carbohydrate systems, with precise geometries that are highly efficient in interacting with carbohydrate binding proteins, has been a goal of synthetic chemists since the discovery of the multivalent nature of carbohydrate-mediated interactions. However, the control of the spatial and topological requirements for these systems is still a challenge. Glyconanoparticles (GNPs) are sugar-coated gold, iron oxide or semiconductor nanoparticles with defined thiol-ending glycosides that combine the multivalent presentation of carbohydrates (glycoclusters) with the special chemico-physical properties of the nano-sized metallic core. The possibility of attaching different types of carbohydrates and other molecules (such as luminescent probes, peptides, and magnetic chelates) onto the same gold nanoparticle in a controlled way (multifunctional GNPs), as well as modifying the core in order to obtain glyconanoparticles with magnetic or fluorescence properties (multimodal GNPs) makes this multivalent glyco-scaffold suitable for carrying out studies on carbohydrate-mediated interactions and applications in molecular imaging. In this review, we focus mainly on the rational design of glyconanoparticles as scaffolds for combining different ligands and survey the most recent examples of glyconanoparticles as both multivalent carbohydrate systems and probes for molecular imaging.
自发现碳水化合物介导的相互作用具有多价性质以来，构建具有精确几何形状的多价碳水化合物系统，使其能够与碳水化合物结合蛋白高效相互作用，一直是合成化学家的目标。然而，控制这些系统的空间和拓扑要求仍然是一个挑战。糖纳米粒子（GNPs）是涂有糖衣的金、氧化铁或半导体纳米粒子，具有确定的硫醇末端糖苷，将碳水化合物的多价呈现（糖簇）与纳米级金属核的特殊理化性质结合在一起。将不同类型的碳水化合物和其他分子（如发光探针、肽和磁性螯合物）以受控的方式（多功能 GNPs）附着到同一金纳米粒子上，以及修饰核心以获得具有磁性或荧光性质的糖纳米粒子（多模态 GNPs）的可能性，使得这种多价糖支架适合进行碳水化合物介导的相互作用研究和分子成像应用。在这篇综述中，我们主要关注作为结合不同配体的支架的糖纳米粒子的合理设计，并调查了作为多价碳水化合物系统和分子成像探针的最新糖纳米粒子示例。
