Pulis Eric E, Overstreet Robin M
Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA.
Syst Parasitol. 2013 Feb;84(2):167-91. doi: 10.1007/s11230-012-9401-8. Epub 2013 Jan 9.
Species of the Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914 with elaborate muscularisation of the oral sucker belong in three trematode genera, including three new species and a new genus from the intestine of fishes in Australian waters. Spiritestis Nagaty, 1948 is resurrected and S. herveyensis n. sp. is described from the mullet Moolgarda seheli (Forsskål) collected in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia; the latter differs from S. arabii Nagaty, 1948 in that the position of the genital pore is pharyngeal rather than post-pharyngeal and the geographical range is off Australia rather than the Red Sea. A new genus is proposed for two new species, with a uniquely ornamented oral sucker, which infect Australian scatophagids. Members of Capitimitta n. g. are distinguished from Waretrema Srivastava, 1937, species of which have a simple oral sucker with six radially arranged anterior muscular lobes, in that their oral sucker is V-shaped with six embedded muscular finger-like structures in the anteroventral portion. The relatively small C. darwinensis n. sp., collected from Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson) at Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, is distinguished from C. costata n. sp., collected from Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus) in the same locality and S. multifasciata off Brisbane, Australia, and by having smaller eggs, a vitellarium commencing at a level close to the ventral sucker rather than at greater than one ovarian length posterior to the ventral sucker, and shorter tegumental body spines. Sequence data of a c.2,500 bp region of the 3' end of 18S, the entire ITS region and the 5' end of the 28S revealed that Spiritestis and Capitimitta are not as closely related as some morphological features would suggest and are probably not the closest relative of each other. What has been reported as Waretrema piscicolum Srivastava, 1937 probably consists of several species, some in different genera, and one, based on material collected by Dr Masaaki Machida, is proposed as Spiritestis machidai n. sp. from Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskål) off Japan. Phylogenetic hypotheses, based on analysis of an alignment of partial 28S sequences with other haploporids, provide a framework for the evaluation of interrelationships within the Haploporidae. These analyses show that: (1) Spiritestis and Capitimitta are supported within the Haploporidae; (2) branches to Forticulcita Overstreet, 1982, Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954, Spiritestis and Capitimitta create a clade that is sister to haploporines from the Mediterranean Sea; (3) the branch to Saccocoelioides, Spiritestis and Capitimitta create a polytomy; and (4) the two new species of Capitimitta, plus an immature specimen of an unnamed species, form a monophyletic clade.
1914年尼科尔描述的口吸盘肌肉组织发达的单孔科物种分属于三个吸虫属，其中包括来自澳大利亚海域鱼类肠道的三个新物种和一个新属。1948年的赫维吸虫属被重新启用，赫维湾赫维吸虫新种是从澳大利亚昆士兰州赫维湾采集的鲻鱼（Moolgarda seheli (Forsskål)）中描述的；后者与1948年的阿拉伯赫维吸虫不同之处在于，生殖孔的位置在咽处而非咽后，地理分布在澳大利亚海域而非红海。为两个新物种提议了一个新属，其口吸盘具有独特的纹饰，寄生于澳大利亚的丽鲷科鱼类。新属Capitimitta的成员与1937年的瓦氏吸虫属不同，后者的口吸盘简单，有六个呈放射状排列的前部肌肉叶，而Capitimitta的口吸盘呈V形，在腹前部有六个嵌入的肌肉指状结构。相对较小的达尔文Capitimitta新种是从澳大利亚北领地达尔文的多带副唇鱼（Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson)）采集的，它与在同一地点从黄斑鲹（Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus)）以及澳大利亚布里斯班附近的多带副唇鱼采集的有肋Capitimitta新种不同，其区别在于卵较小，卵黄腺始于靠近腹吸盘的水平而非在腹吸盘后方大于一个卵巢长度处，并且体表棘较短。18S 3'端约2500bp区域、整个ITS区域和28S 5'端的序列数据表明，赫维吸虫属和Capitimitta属的亲缘关系并不像一些形态特征所显示的那样密切，它们可能并非彼此最亲近的亲属。1937年被报道为鱼类瓦氏吸虫的物种可能包含几个物种，有些属于不同的属，基于益田正明博士采集的材料，其中一个被提议为来自日本近海黑口鲻（Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskål)）的益田赫维吸虫新种。基于对部分28S序列与其他单孔科物种比对分析的系统发育假说，为评估单孔科内部的亲缘关系提供了一个框架。这些分析表明：（1）赫维吸虫属和Capitimitta属在单孔科中得到支持；（2）到1982年的小室吸虫属、1954年的拟袋腔属、赫维吸虫属和Capitimitta属的分支形成一个分支，是地中海单孔亚科的姐妹群；（3）到拟袋腔属、赫维吸虫属和Capitimitta属的分支形成一个多歧分支；（4）Capitimitta属的两个新物种，加上一个未命名物种的未成熟标本，形成一个单系分支。
