University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, USA.
Physiol Rev. 2013 Jan;93(1):107-35. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2012.
Circadian rhythms occur in almost all species and control vital aspects of our physiology, from sleeping and waking to neurotransmitter secretion and cellular metabolism. Epidemiological studies from recent decades have supported a unique role for circadian rhythm in metabolism. As evidenced by individuals working night or rotating shifts, but also by rodent models of circadian arrhythmia, disruption of the circadian cycle is strongly associated with metabolic imbalance. Some genetically engineered mouse models of circadian rhythmicity are obese and show hallmark signs of the metabolic syndrome. Whether these phenotypes are due to the loss of distinct circadian clock genes within a specific tissue versus the disruption of rhythmic physiological activities (such as eating and sleeping) remains a cynosure within the fields of chronobiology and metabolism. Becoming more apparent is that from metabolites to transcription factors, the circadian clock interfaces with metabolism in numerous ways that are essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
昼夜节律几乎存在于所有物种中，控制着我们生理学的重要方面，包括睡眠和觉醒、神经递质分泌和细胞代谢。近几十年来的流行病学研究支持昼夜节律在代谢中的独特作用。从夜间或轮班工作的个体，以及昼夜节律紊乱的啮齿动物模型中可以明显看出，昼夜节律周期的破坏与代谢失衡密切相关。一些昼夜节律性的基因工程小鼠模型肥胖，并表现出代谢综合征的标志性特征。这些表型是由于特定组织中特定昼夜节律时钟基因的缺失，还是由于节律性生理活动（如进食和睡眠）的破坏，仍然是生物钟学和代谢领域的关注焦点。越来越明显的是，从代谢物到转录因子，昼夜钟以许多方式与代谢相互作用，这些相互作用对于维持代谢稳态至关重要。
