Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Landscape Ecology Group, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2013 Apr;9(2):243-51. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1392.
This article presents a literature review that explores the challenges for planning in urban regions in connection with the preservation of ecosystem services. It further presents some best practice examples for meeting these challenges. The demand for the provision of ecosystem services within urban regions changed during the transition from a largely agrarian society to an industrial society and, most recently, to a service society. Although in the past, provisioning services such as food production or the provision of raw material were decisive for urban development, today cultural services, e.g., clear views or nearby recreation areas, have become increasingly important. According to the literature, soil sealing is the greatest threat urbanization poses toward ecosystem services, as it compromises all of them. Spatially extensive cities with a high building density particularly inhibit regulating services like the regulation of temperature or water surface runoff. Conversely, scattered settlement patterns may lead to very small remnants of open space that cannot reasonably serve as natural habitat, agricultural land, or recreation area. The challenges for planning in urban regions are: 1) specifying regulations that define outer limits to the development of each settlement unit, 2) comprehensive planning with focal points for development, and limiting access and development at other places, and 3) compensating for new soil sealing by restoring nearby sealed areas. The article presents 3 best-practice examples that support these principles: designating areas with a particular soil quality that should not be built over, offering incentives for corporate planning in urban regions, and restoring a country road in connection with a motorway construction.
这篇文章对与生态系统服务保护相关的城市区域规划挑战进行了文献回顾，并进一步提出了一些应对这些挑战的最佳实践案例。城市区域对生态系统服务的需求在从以农业为主的社会向工业社会、再向服务社会的转型过程中发生了变化。尽管过去，农业生产或原材料供应等供给服务对城市发展具有决定性意义，但如今文化服务（如清晰的视野或附近的娱乐区）变得越来越重要。根据文献，土壤固化是城市化对生态系统服务构成的最大威胁，因为它会损害所有生态系统服务。空间扩展、建筑密度高的城市尤其会抑制调节服务，如温度或水面径流的调节。相反，分散的住区模式可能导致非常小的开放空间残余，无法合理用作自然栖息地、农业用地或娱乐区。城市区域规划面临的挑战包括：1）规定每个居住单元发展的外部限制；2）进行综合规划，确定发展重点，限制其他地方的进入和发展；3）通过恢复附近已封闭区域来补偿新的土壤固化。本文介绍了 3 个支持这些原则的最佳实践案例：指定具有特殊土壤质量、不应进行建设的区域；为城市区域的企业规划提供激励措施；以及在高速公路建设中恢复一条乡村道路。
