Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jan 15;443:965-72. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.082. Epub 2013 Jan 11.
We measured real-time exposure to PM(2.5), ultrafine PM (particle number) and carbon monoxide (CO) for commuting workers school children, and traffic police, in Jakarta, Indonesia. In total, we measured exposures for 36 individuals covering 93 days. Commuters in private cars experienced mean (st dev) exposures of 22 (9.4) ppm CO, 91 (38) μg/m(3)PM(2.5), and 290 (150)×10(3) particles cm(-3). Mean concentrations were higher in public transport than in private cars for PM(2.5) (difference in means: 22%) and particle counts (54%), but not CO, likely reflecting in-vehicle particle losses in private cars owing to air-conditioning. However, average commute times were longer for private car commuters than public transport commuters (in our sample, 24% longer: 3.0 vs. 2.3 h per day). Commute and traffic-related exposures experienced by Jakarta residents are among the highest in the world, owing to high on-road concentrations and multi-hour commutes.
我们测量了印度尼西亚雅加达的通勤者、学生和交通警察在通勤过程中的实时 PM（2.5）、超细颗粒物（颗粒数）和一氧化碳（CO）暴露情况。总共有 36 个人参与了 93 天的暴露测量。乘坐私家车的通勤者的 CO 暴露平均值（标准差）为 22（9.4）ppm，PM（2.5）暴露平均值为 91（38）μg/m（3），颗粒物计数为 290（150）×10（3）个/cm（3）。与私家车相比，公共交通工具上的 PM（2.5）（差异均值：22%）和颗粒物计数（54%）的浓度更高，但 CO 则不然，这可能反映了由于空调导致的车内颗粒物损失。然而，私家车通勤者的平均通勤时间比公共交通通勤者长（在我们的样本中，长 24%：每天 3.0 小时对 2.3 小时）。由于道路上的高浓度和数小时的通勤，雅加达居民经历的通勤和交通相关暴露水平位居世界前列。
