Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013 Jun;81(3):467-80. doi: 10.1037/a0031349. Epub 2013 Jan 14.
The psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991, 2003) is often used to assess risk of violence, perhaps based on the assumption that it captures emotionally detached individuals who are driven to prey upon others. This study is designed to assess the relation between (a) core interpersonal and affective traits of psychopathy and impulsive antisociality on the one hand and (b) the risk of future violence and patterns of motivation for past violence on the other.
A research team reliably assessed a sample of 158 male offenders for psychopathy, using both the interview-based PCL-R and the self-report psychopathic personality inventory (PPI: Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996). Then, a second independent research team assessed offenders' lifetime patterns of violence and their motivation. After these baseline assessments, offenders were followed in prison or the community for up to 1 year to assess their involvement in 3 different forms of violence. Baseline and follow-up assessments included both interviews and reviews of official records.
First, the PPI manifested incremental validity in predicting future violence over the PCL-R (but not vice versa)-and most of its predictive power derived solely from impulsive antisociality. Second, impulsive antisociality-not interpersonal and affective traits specific to psychopathy-were uniquely associated with instrumental lifetime patterns of past violence. The latter psychopathic traits are narrowly associated with deficits in motivation for violence (e.g., lack of fear or lack of provocation).
These findings and their consistency with some past research led us to advise against making broad generalizations about the relation between psychopathy and violence.
修订后的精神病态检查表（PCL-R； Hare，1991，2003）常用于评估暴力风险，也许是基于这样的假设，即它可以捕捉到情感上冷漠的个体，这些个体被驱使去捕食他人。本研究旨在评估（a）精神病态的核心人际和情感特征与冲动性反社会行为之间的关系，以及（b）未来暴力风险与过去暴力行为动机模式之间的关系。
一个研究小组使用基于访谈的 PCL-R 和自我报告的精神病态人格量表（PPI：Lilienfeld & Andrews，1996），对 158 名男性罪犯进行了精神病态的可靠评估。然后，第二个独立的研究小组评估了罪犯的终身暴力模式及其动机。在这些基线评估之后，罪犯在监狱或社区中被跟踪了长达 1 年，以评估他们参与了 3 种不同形式的暴力。基线和随访评估包括访谈和对官方记录的审查。
首先，PPI 在预测未来暴力方面比 PCL-R 具有增量有效性（反之则不然），并且其大部分预测能力仅来自冲动性反社会行为。其次，冲动性反社会行为——而不是精神病态特有的人际和情感特征——与工具性的过去暴力行为模式具有独特的关联。后者的精神病态特征与缺乏暴力动机（例如，缺乏恐惧或缺乏挑衅）密切相关。
这些发现及其与过去一些研究的一致性使我们建议不要对精神病态和暴力之间的关系进行广泛的概括。
