Department of Language and Communication Sciences, City University London, London, UK.
Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2013 Jan;48(1):25-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00195.x. Epub 2012 Nov 9.
Children with speech sound disorders (SSD) form a heterogeneous group who differ in terms of the severity of their condition, underlying cause, speech errors, involvement of other aspects of the linguistic system and treatment response. To date there is no universal and agreed-upon classification system. Instead, a number of theoretically differing classification systems have been proposed based on either an aetiological (medical) approach, a descriptive-linguistic approach or a processing approach.
To describe and review the supporting evidence, and to provide a critical evaluation of the current childhood SSD classification systems.
METHODS & PROCEDURES: Descriptions of the major specific approaches to classification are reviewed and research papers supporting the reliability and validity of the systems are evaluated.
Three specific paediatric SSD classification systems; the aetiologic-based Speech Disorders Classification System, the descriptive-linguistic Differential Diagnosis system, and the processing-based Psycholinguistic Framework are identified as potentially useful in classifying children with SSD into homogeneous subgroups. The Differential Diagnosis system has a growing body of empirical support from clinical population studies, across language error pattern studies and treatment efficacy studies. The Speech Disorders Classification System is currently a research tool with eight proposed subgroups. The Psycholinguistic Framework is a potential bridge to linking cause and surface level speech errors.
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: There is a need for a universally agreed-upon classification system that is useful to clinicians and researchers. The resulting classification system needs to be robust, reliable and valid. A universal classification system would allow for improved tailoring of treatments to subgroups of SSD which may, in turn, lead to improved treatment efficacy.
患有言语语音障碍（SSD）的儿童是一个异质群体，他们在病情严重程度、潜在病因、言语错误、语言系统其他方面的参与以及治疗反应等方面存在差异。迄今为止，尚无通用且公认的分类系统。相反，基于病因学（医学）方法、描述性语言方法或处理方法，已经提出了许多理论上不同的分类系统。
描述和回顾这些系统的支持证据，并对当前儿童 SSD 分类系统进行批判性评估。
回顾了主要的特定分类方法描述，并评估了支持这些系统可靠性和有效性的研究论文。
确定了三种特定的儿科 SSD 分类系统；基于病因的言语障碍分类系统、描述性语言鉴别诊断系统和基于处理的心理语言学框架，可用于将 SSD 儿童分为同质亚组。鉴别诊断系统在临床人群研究、语言错误模式研究和治疗效果研究中具有越来越多的实证支持。言语障碍分类系统目前是一个具有 8 个拟议亚组的研究工具。心理语言学框架是将病因与表面言语错误联系起来的潜在桥梁。
需要一个通用的、临床医生和研究人员都认可的分类系统。该分类系统需要具有强大的功能、可靠性和有效性。通用的分类系统将允许针对 SSD 的亚组进行更有针对性的治疗，这反过来又可能提高治疗效果。
