School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7360, USA.
Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:159-88. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114404. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
Energy use is central to human society and provides many health benefits. But each source of energy entails some health risks. This article reviews the health impacts of each major source of energy, focusing on those with major implications for the burden of disease globally. The biggest health impacts accrue to the harvesting and burning of solid fuels, coal and biomass, mainly in the form of occupational health risks and household and general ambient air pollution. Lack of access to clean fuels and electricity in the world's poor households is a particularly serious risk for health. Although energy efficiency brings many benefits, it also entails some health risks, as do renewable energy systems, if not managed carefully. We do not review health impacts of climate change itself, which are due mostly to climate-altering pollutants from energy systems, but do discuss the potential for achieving near-term health cobenefits by reducing certain climate-related emissions.
能源利用对人类社会至关重要，能带来许多健康益处。但每种能源都存在一定的健康风险。本文综述了每种主要能源的健康影响，重点关注对全球疾病负担有重大影响的能源。对固体燃料（煤炭和生物质）的开采和燃烧带来了最大的健康影响，主要表现为职业健康风险和家庭及一般环境空气污染。世界上贫困家庭无法获得清洁燃料和电力，这对健康构成了特别严重的威胁。尽管能源效率带来了许多好处，但如果管理不善，也会带来一些健康风险，可再生能源系统也是如此。我们没有审查气候变化本身的健康影响，气候变化的健康影响主要是由于能源系统中的气候变化污染物造成的，但我们确实讨论了通过减少某些与气候相关的排放来实现近期健康协同效益的潜力。
