Husson University, USA.
Br J Dev Psychol. 2013 Mar;31(Pt 1):30-41. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02071.x. Epub 2011 Nov 17.
One hundred eighteen children, divided into three age groups (4-, 6-, and 8-year-olds) participated in a competitive game designed to explore advances in children's deceptive abilities. Success in the game required children to inhibit useful information or provide misinformation in their communication with an adult opponent. Age trends were evident for all dependent variables, including success at the task, strategic behaviours, and interview data. Four-year-olds were non-strategic and rarely successful, 6-year-olds were increasingly strategic and successful, and 8-year-olds were significantly more subtle in their strategies, more successful at the task, and more likely to verbalize an understanding of their opponent's expectations than younger age groups.
一百一十八名儿童分为三个年龄组（4 岁、6 岁和 8 岁）参与了一项竞争性游戏，旨在探索儿童欺骗能力的发展。在游戏中取得成功需要儿童抑制有用信息或在与成人对手的交流中提供错误信息。所有因变量（包括任务的完成情况、策略行为和访谈数据）都表现出年龄趋势。四岁儿童没有策略，很少成功；六岁儿童越来越有策略，也越来越成功；而八岁儿童的策略则更加巧妙，任务完成情况也更好，并且更有可能比年幼的儿童群体用言语表达对对手期望的理解。
