Bastiaanse Roelien
Department of Linguistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Clin Linguist Phon. 2013 Apr;27(4):244-63. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2012.751626. Epub 2013 Jan 22.
Many studies have shown that verb inflections are difficult to produce for agrammatic aphasic speakers: they are frequently omitted and substituted. The present article gives an overview of our search to understanding why this is the case. The hypothesis is that grammatical morphology referring to the past is selectively impaired in agrammatic aphasia. That is, verb inflections for past tense and perfect aspect are hard to produce. Furthermore, verb clusters that refer to the past will be affected as well, even if the auxiliary is in present tense, as in he has been writing a letter. It will be argued that all these verb forms referring to the past require discourse linking [Zagona, K. (2003). Tense and anaphora: Is there a tense-specific theory of coreference. In A. Barrs (Ed.), Anaphora: A reference guide (pp. 140-171). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing] and discourse linking is affected in agrammatic aphasia [Avrutin, S. (2006). Weak syntax. In K. Amunts, & Y. Grodzinsky (Eds.), Broca's region (pp. 49-62). New York: Oxford Press]. This hypothesis has been coined the PAst DIscourse LInking Hypothesis (PADILIH) [Bastiaanse, R., Bamyaci, E., Hsu, C.-J., Lee, J., Yarbay Duman, T., & Thompson, C.K. (2011). Time reference in agrammatic aphasia: A cross-linguistic study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 24, 652-673]. The PADILIH has been tested in several languages and populations that have hardly been studied before in aphasiology: languages such as Turkish, Swahili and Indonesian were included, as well as monolingual and bilingual populations. In all these populations, the same test has been used: the Test for Assessing Reference of Time [Bastiaanse, R., Jonkers, R., & Thompson, C.K. (2008). Test for assessing reference of time (TART). Groningen: University of Groningen] to enable reliable comparisons between the languages. The results show that the PADILIH predicts the performance of agrammatic speakers very well: discourse-linked grammatical morphemes expressing time reference to the past are hard to produce for agrammatic speakers, whereas non-discourse-linked verb inflections (for present and future) are relatively spared. In languages that use aspectual adverbs (free-standing and optional time reference markers), such as Chinese and Indonesian, time reference to all time frames is impaired, since all aspectual adverbs, regardless of the time frame they refer to, require discourse linking. Remarkably, the problems are not restricted to grammatical morphemes: the production of temporal lexical adverbs is impaired as well.
许多研究表明，对于语法缺失性失语症患者来说，动词词尾变化很难产出：它们经常被省略或替换。本文概述了我们对于理解为何如此的探索。其假设是，在语法缺失性失语症中，涉及过去时的语法形态受到了选择性损伤。也就是说，过去时和完成体的动词词尾变化很难产出。此外，即便助动词是现在时，如在“he has been writing a letter”（他一直在写信）中，涉及过去时的动词词组也会受到影响。我们将论证，所有这些涉及过去时的动词形式都需要语篇连接[扎戈纳，K.（2003年）。时态与指代：是否存在特定于时态的回指理论。载于A. 巴尔斯（编），《指代：参考指南》（第140 - 171页）。牛津：布莱克韦尔出版社]，而语篇连接在语法缺失性失语症中受到了影响[阿夫鲁廷，S.（2006年）。弱句法。载于K. 阿蒙茨和Y. 格罗茨尼希（编），《布洛卡区》（第49 - 62页）。纽约：牛津大学出版社]。这一假设被称为“过去语篇连接假设”（PADILIH）[巴斯蒂安斯，R.，巴米亚奇，E.，许，C.-J.，李，J.，亚尔巴伊·杜曼，T.，& 汤普森，C.K.（2011年）。语法缺失性失语症中的时间指称：一项跨语言研究。《神经语言学杂志》，24，652 - 673]。PADILIH已在失语症学中此前几乎未被研究过的几种语言和人群中得到检验：包括土耳其语、斯瓦希里语和印尼语等语言，以及单语和双语人群。在所有这些人群中，都使用了相同的测试：时间指称评估测试[巴斯蒂安斯，R.，琼克斯，R.，& 汤普森，C.K.（2008年）。时间指称评估测试（TART）。格罗宁根：格罗宁根大学]，以便在不同语言之间进行可靠的比较。结果表明，PADILIH能很好地预测语法缺失性失语症患者的表现：对于语法缺失性失语症患者来说，表达过去时间指称的语篇连接性语法语素很难产出，而不涉及语篇连接的动词词尾变化（用于现在时和将来时）则相对未受影响。在使用体貌副词（独立且可选的时间指称标记）的语言中，如中文和印尼语，所有时间框架的时间指称都会受损，因为所有体貌副词，无论它们所指的时间框架如何，都需要语篇连接。值得注意的是，这些问题并不局限于语法语素：时间词汇副词的产出也受到了损害。
