DeGrazia David
J Med Ethics. 2014 Jun;40(6):361-8. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2012-101157. Epub 2013 Jan 25.
The enhancement of human traits has received academic attention for decades, but only recently has moral enhancement using biomedical means--moral bioenhancement (MB)--entered the discussion. After explaining why we ought to take the possibility of MB seriously, the paper considers the shape and content of moral improvement, addressing at some length a challenge presented by reasonable moral pluralism. The discussion then proceeds to this question: Assuming MB were safe, effective, and universally available, would it be morally desirable? In particular, would it pose an unacceptable threat to human freedom? After defending a negative answer to the latter question--which requires an investigation into the nature and value of human freedom--and arguing that there is nothing inherently wrong with MB, the paper closes with reflections on what we should value in moral behaviour.
几十年来，人类特质的增强一直受到学术界的关注，但直到最近，利用生物医学手段进行的道德增强——道德生物增强（MB）——才进入讨论范畴。在解释了为何我们应该认真对待MB的可能性之后，本文思考了道德提升的形式和内容，并详细探讨了合理的道德多元主义所带来的一项挑战。接着讨论转向这个问题：假设MB是安全、有效的且普遍可得的，那么从道德角度看它会是可取的吗？特别是，它会对人类自由构成不可接受的威胁吗？在为后一个问题辩护给出否定答案（这需要对人类自由的本质和价值进行探究）并论证MB本身并无过错之后，本文最后思考了我们在道德行为中应该重视什么。
