Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
Biochemistry (Mosc). 2013 Jan;78(1):1-7. doi: 10.1134/S000629791301001X.
The term "exosomes" is currently used to describe specific vesicular structures of endosomal origin produced by the majority of eukaryotic cells. These natural vesicles have been under study for more than two decades. Nevertheless, a real splash of scientific interest in studies on exosomes took place only during recent years, when the concept of the role and functions of exosomes in multicellular organisms was essentially reconsidered. The major role in this was played by the discovery of exosomal mRNA and miRNA in 2007, which stimulated the idea of regulatory and communicative role of exosomes in the organism and also encouraged considering exosomes and other vesicles as potential biomarkers. The present review summarizes the up to date knowledge on the composition and probable physiological functions of nucleic acids released by different cells as components of exosomes. We also touch upon the problem of using these data in clinical diagnosis.
目前，术语“外泌体”被用于描述大多数真核细胞产生的特定的内体起源的囊泡结构。这些天然囊泡已经被研究了二十多年。然而，直到近年来，当外泌体在多细胞生物中的作用和功能的概念被重新审视时，人们才对关于外泌体的研究产生了真正的科学兴趣。在这方面发挥主要作用的是 2007 年在外泌体中发现了 mRNA 和 miRNA，这激发了外泌体在生物体内具有调节和通讯作用的想法，并鼓励将外泌体和其他囊泡视为潜在的生物标志物。本文综述了关于不同细胞作为外泌体成分释放的核酸的组成和可能的生理功能的最新知识。我们还触及了将这些数据用于临床诊断的问题。
