Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, 36 Mingxin Load, Fangcun district, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
J Affect Disord. 2013 May;147(1-3):29-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.024. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
The TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego) is a 110-item auto-questionnaire (self-rated) which consists of five temperament scales: depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious temperaments. It has been translated into over 25 languages and validated in at least 12, with broad cross-cultural cogency. This is a first attempt to validate the TEMPS-A in a very large Chinese population speaking Mandarin.
The Chinese TEMPS-A was adapted from the original English version following a rigorous process of forward translation and backward translation (after the approval of the English back translation by H.S.A. and K.K.A.), it was administered to 985 non-clinical Chinese subjects aged between 18-60 years (53.8% female) in four communities in Guangzhou City, China. A subset of 105 subjects was retested approximately six weeks later. Standard psychometric tests of reliability and validation were performed.
The test-retest reliability for depressive (0.74), cyclothymic (0.71), hyperthymic (0.67), irritable (0.66) and anxious (0.83) were respectively as shown in the parentheses. For internal consistency, Chronbach alphas coefficients were 0.68, 0.85, 0.82, 0.83 and 0.87, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 2 super factors, Factor I loading on anxious, cyclothymic, irritable, and depressive temperaments; and Factor II loading on hyperthymic. Depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments were correlated with each other. Males had significantly higher scores than females for the hyperthymic and irritable temperaments. The prevalence of the dominant depressive (2.9%), cyclothymic (5.6%), hyperthymic (1.3%), irritable (7.0%) and anxious (5.3%) temperaments were respectively as shown in the parentheses.
Although it is likely that generalizability of our scale is good for the entire Mandarin-speaking ethnic composition of China today, future research is needed to establish this conclusively.
The Chinese TEMPS-A standardized on one of the largest non-clinical samples in any of the other national studies to date, has good internal consistency, coheres well with validated versions in other languages. The findings suggest that it is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess affective temperaments in clinical and biological studies in China.
TEMPS-A（孟菲斯、比萨、巴黎和圣地亚哥气质评估）是一个 110 项的自陈式自动问卷，由五个气质量表组成：抑郁、环性、躁狂、易怒和焦虑气质。它已被翻译成 25 种以上的语言，并在至少 12 种语言中进行了验证，具有广泛的跨文化一致性。这是首次在中国普通话的大量非临床人群中验证 TEMPS-A。
中文 TEMPS-A 是在经过严格的正向翻译和反向翻译（在 H.S.A. 和 K.K.A. 对英文回译进行批准后）后，从原始英文版本改编而来，在中国广州市的四个社区中对 985 名年龄在 18-60 岁之间的非临床中国受试者（女性占 53.8%）进行了测试。大约六周后，对 105 名受试者的一个子集进行了重测。进行了标准的信度和效度测试。
抑郁（0.74）、环性（0.71）、躁狂（0.67）、易怒（0.66）和焦虑（0.83）的重测信度分别为括号内所示。内部一致性方面，Chronbach α 系数分别为 0.68、0.85、0.82、0.83 和 0.87。探索性因素分析显示有 2 个超因子，因子 I 对焦虑、环性、易怒和抑郁气质有影响；因子 II 对躁狂气质有影响。抑郁、环性、易怒和焦虑气质相互关联。男性在躁狂和易怒气质方面的得分显著高于女性。占主导地位的抑郁（2.9%）、环性（5.6%）、躁狂（1.3%）、易怒（7.0%）和焦虑（5.3%）气质的患病率分别为括号内所示。
尽管我们的量表很可能适用于当今中国讲普通话的所有民族，但仍需要进一步的研究来确定这一点。
中文 TEMPS-A 是迄今为止在任何其他国家研究中对最大的非临床样本进行标准化的量表之一，具有良好的内部一致性，与其他语言的验证版本吻合良好。研究结果表明，它是一种在临床和生物学研究中评估情感气质的心理测量学上可靠的工具。
