Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IPUB-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
J Affect Disord. 2011 Nov;134(1-3):65-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.005. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
Over the last thirty years, Akiskal and collaborators have described and developed operationalized diagnostic criteria for five types of affective temperaments - cyclothymic, irritable, hyperthymic, depressive, and anxious. A 110-item, yes-or-no questionnaire, the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego (TEMPS-A), was specifically developed for measuring temperamental variation. The TEMPS-A was translated into more than 25 languages and cross-culturally valid versions are now available in Italian, French, German, Japanese, Turkish, Arabic, Polish, Hungarian, Spanish and Portuguese. Recent studies in the US and in Europe, however, have suggested that shorter versions of TEMPS-A can be just as efficient as the full ones while potentially enhancing the compliance of respondents. The main objective of the present study was to validate a brief Brazilian Portuguese version of TEMPS-A (brief TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro).
Our main sample consisted of 997 undergraduate students (female = 72.6%) from seven different universities located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An additional group of 167 healthy senior citizens (women = 83.8%) was recruited in senior community centers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All participants were asked to complete the 110-item, Brazilian translation of the full version of the TEMPS-A.
An exploratory factor analysis (PCA type 2, Varimax rotation) vying for a five-factor solution yielded mixed results, with cyclothymic traits, physical symptoms of anxiety and preoccupation with the well-being of a family member loading together on the first factor. When a forced six-factor solution was attempted, cyclothymic, irritable, hyperthymic, and depressive were delineated as predicted by the theory. The original generalized anxious temperament was split into two sharply delimited components, a "worrying" subscale and an abbreviated anxious subscale, which included physical symptoms of anxiety and concerns with the well-being of relatives. Based on the tripartite model of anxiety and depression, we proposed that the abridged anxious subscale, which includes physical symptoms of anxiety, represents the "true" generalized anxious temperament, while the "worrying" subscale corresponds to the "general distress factor". The internal consistency of the six subscales thus identified was generally good, ranging from 0.67 (anxious subscale) to 0.81 (worrying subscale), with cyclothymic, irritable, depressive, and hyperthymic subscales exhibiting intermediate values (0.74, 0.74, 0.72, and 0.7, respectively).
The present study was based on a non-clinical sample that does not reflect accurately the characteristics of the Brazilian population. The relative uniformity of the sample in terms of age and education precluded a more in-depth analysis of the influence of these highly relevant factors. Further, we did not assess convergent, divergent or test-retest validity.
We believe that the brief Brazilian version of the TEMPS-A auto-questionnaire will provide Brazilian researchers and clinicians with a psychometrically sound instrument and thus contribute toward the creation of a worldwide research network dedicated to the investigation of affective temperaments.
在过去的三十年中，Akiskal 和他的合作者们描述并开发了用于五种情感气质类型的操作性诊断标准 - 环性、易怒、躁狂、抑郁和焦虑。一种 110 项的，是或否的问卷，即孟菲斯、比萨、巴黎和圣地亚哥的情感气质评估（TEMPS-A），是专门用于测量气质变化的。TEMPS-A 已被翻译成 25 种以上的语言，现在有意大利语、法语、德语、日语、土耳其语、阿拉伯语、波兰语、匈牙利语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语等多种跨文化版本。然而，最近在美国和欧洲的研究表明，TEMPS-A 的简短版本可以与完整版本一样有效，同时可能提高受访者的依从性。本研究的主要目的是验证 TEMPS-A 的简短巴西葡萄牙语版本（简短 TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro）。
我们的主要样本包括来自巴西里约热内卢市的七所不同大学的 997 名本科生（女性=72.6%）。在巴西里约热内卢市的老年人社区中心还招募了另外 167 名健康的老年人。所有参与者都被要求完成 110 项 TEMPS-A 的完整版本的巴西翻译。
探索性因素分析（类型 2，Varimax 旋转）寻求五因素解决方案，结果喜忧参半，环性特征、焦虑的身体症状和对家庭成员健康的关注共同加载到第一个因素上。当尝试强制六因素解决方案时，根据理论，将划分为环性、易怒、躁狂和抑郁。原来的广义焦虑气质被分为两个明显限定的成分，一个“担忧”子量表和一个缩写的焦虑子量表，其中包括焦虑的身体症状和对亲属健康的关注。基于焦虑和抑郁的三分模型，我们提出，包括焦虑身体症状的缩短的焦虑子量表代表“真正的”广义焦虑气质，而“担忧”子量表对应“一般困扰因素”。因此，确定的六个子量表的内部一致性通常较好，范围从 0.67（焦虑子量表）到 0.81（担忧子量表），环性、易怒、抑郁和躁狂子量表的中间值分别为 0.74、0.74、0.72 和 0.7。
本研究基于非临床样本，不能准确反映巴西人群的特征。样本在年龄和教育方面的相对一致性排除了对这些高度相关因素的更深入分析。此外，我们没有评估收敛、发散或重测信度。
我们相信，简短的巴西版 TEMPS-A 自动问卷将为巴西研究人员和临床医生提供一种具有良好心理测量学特性的工具，并为创建致力于研究情感气质的全球研究网络做出贡献。
