Recognition of paternal pronuclei in human zygotes.

The possibility of pronuclear gender determination using morphological criteria only was investigated in 140 two-pronucleate and 39 tripronucleate zygotes. Zygotes were videotaped on different focal points and the positions of the polar bodies, pronuclear diameters, number and distribution of nucleoli, and presence of sperm tail remnants were indicated on diagrams. The three known criteria used for recognition of the paternal pronucleus in rodent zygotes were investigated. These criteria are (a) the presence of sperm tail remnants, (b) an increased pronuclear diameter, and (c) the farthest distance from the second polar body. Sperm tail remnants were observed in only 3/342 (1%) of the pronuclei. Pronuclear diameters and positions of the largest pronuclei did not reveal any trends. Pronuclei of tripronucleate zygotes were frequently smaller than those of two-pronucleate ones. The parental origin of human pronuclei cannot be determined morphologically using standard light optics. Microsurgical removal of paternal pronuclei from polyspermic zygotes should therefore be implemented with caution.