Grigulevich Nadezda I
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Coll Antropol. 2012 Dec;36(4):1101-8.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the mortality reached 1.807.400 people in 1992, with the birthrate falling to 1.587.600 people. The process of depopulation began. Nearly 2 million people died annually in Russia according to the official data of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service in 1993-2010. A special and a very serious problem is a middle-aged men mortality that is 7-8 times higher, than in the developed countries. From 1992 to 2010 in Russia died 40.812.000 people, born - 26.568.000. Total decline amounted to 13.344.000 people. The present study considers some social-economic and ecological processes which promoted the growth of negative indicators in population dynamics. We compared the mortality and decline of the population in different regions of Russia and showed that there is a correlation between alcohol mortality and decrease of population. A confessional factor is very important also. The mortality rate is far below the average for the country in those territories of Russia, where the population is predominantly Muslim. The demographic transition in Russia is characterized not only by a drop in fertility, as in the other developed countries, but also by increase in mortality. The mortality is a real indicator of the socio-economic and demographic situation for this or that region of Russia and it should be used by the authorities of different levels in the development of the area.
1991年苏联解体后，1992年死亡率达到180.74万人，出生率降至158.76万人。人口减少的进程开始了。根据俄罗斯联邦国家统计局1993 - 2010年的官方数据，俄罗斯每年有近200万人死亡。一个特殊且非常严重的问题是中年男性死亡率，比发达国家高7至8倍。1992年至2010年期间，俄罗斯有4081.2万人死亡，出生2656.8万人。人口总数减少了1334.4万人。本研究考虑了一些促进人口动态负面指标增长的社会经济和生态过程。我们比较了俄罗斯不同地区的死亡率和人口减少情况，结果表明酒精导致的死亡率与人口减少之间存在关联。宗教因素也非常重要。在俄罗斯人口主要为穆斯林的地区，死亡率远低于全国平均水平。俄罗斯的人口转变不仅像其他发达国家那样表现为生育率下降，还表现为死亡率上升。死亡率是俄罗斯某个地区社会经济和人口状况的真实指标，各级政府在该地区的发展中都应加以利用。
