Lychakov D V
Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol. 2012 Nov-Dec;48(6):613-31.
The review presents literature data and results of the author's studies with the goal to find out whether lower animals are susceptible to motion sickness. In our studies, fish and amphibians were tested for 2 h and more by using a rotating device (f = 0.24Nz, a(centrifugal) = 0.144 g) and a parallel swing (f = 0.2 Nz, a(horizontal) = 0.059 g). The performed studies did not reveal in 4 fish species and in toads any characteristic reactions of motion sickness (sopite syndrome, prodromal preparatory behavior, vomiting). At the same time, in toads characteristic stress reactions appeared (escape response, an increase in the number of urinations, inhibition of appetite), as well as some other reactions not associated with motion sickness (regular head movements, eye retraction). In trout fry this stimulation promoted dividing individuals into groups different by locomotor reaction to stress, as well as revealing individuals with a well-expressed compensatory reaction that we called the otolithotropic reaction. Analysis of results obtained by other authors confirms our conclusion. Thus, lower vertebrates, unlike mammals, are immune to motion sickness either under land conditions or under conditions of weightlessness. On the basis of available experimental data and theoretical concepts of mechanisms of motion sickness development formulated in several hypotheses (mismatch hypothesis, Traisman's hypothesis, resonance hypothesis) a synthetic hypothesis of motion sickness is presented that has the conceptual significance. According to the hypothesis, unusual stimulation producing sensomotor or senso-sensory conflict or action of vestibular and visual stimuli of about 0.2 Hz frequency is perceived by CNS as poisoning and causes corresponding reactions. The motion sickness actually is a byproduct of technical evolution. It is suggested that lower vertebrates, unlike mammals, lack a hypothetical center of subjective "nauseating" sensations; therefore they are immune to motion sickness.
这篇综述展示了文献数据以及作者的研究结果，目的是弄清楚低等动物是否易患晕动病。在我们的研究中，使用旋转装置（频率f = 0.24赫兹，离心加速度a = 0.144克）和平行摆动装置（频率f = 0.2赫兹，水平加速度a = 0.059克）对鱼类和两栖动物进行了2小时及更长时间的测试。所进行的研究未在4种鱼类和蟾蜍中发现任何晕动病的特征性反应（索皮特征、前驱准备行为、呕吐）。与此同时，蟾蜍出现了特征性应激反应（逃避反应、排尿次数增加、食欲抑制），以及一些与晕动病无关的其他反应（有规律的头部运动、眼球回缩）。在虹鳟鱼苗中，这种刺激促使个体根据对应激的运动反应分为不同的组，还发现了具有明显代偿反应的个体，我们将其称为耳石向性反应。对其他作者所得结果的分析证实了我们的结论。因此，与哺乳动物不同，低等脊椎动物在陆地条件或失重条件下对晕动病具有免疫力。基于现有的实验数据以及在几种假说（不匹配假说、特雷斯曼假说、共振假说）中阐述的晕动病发生机制的理论概念，提出了一个具有概念意义的晕动病综合假说。根据该假说，产生感觉运动或感觉感觉冲突的异常刺激或约0.2赫兹频率的前庭和视觉刺激作用被中枢神经系统视为中毒并引发相应反应。晕动病实际上是技术进化的副产品。有人提出，与哺乳动物不同，低等脊椎动物缺乏主观“恶心”感觉的假设中心；因此它们对晕动病具有免疫力。
