Nagy Péter, Thomas Sonia, Markó Orsolya, Juhász Jutka
Farm and Veterinary Section Emirates Industries for Camel Milk and Products P.O. Box 294236 Dubai United Arab Emirates.
Acta Vet Hung. 2013 Mar;61(1):71-84. doi: 10.1556/AVet.2012.051.
In many arid countries, dromedaries play an important role as a milk source in rural areas. However, the milk and meat production potential of this species is not well understood and documented. A large-scale camel dairy farm was established in 2006 in the United Arab Emirates. This study summarises the most important data on milk production, raw milk quality and reproductive efficiency collected on this farm during the first three years of operation. The average daily milk production, the mean length of lactation and the mean total milk production per lactation of 174 dromedaries were 6.0 ± 0.12 kg (± SEM), 586 ± 11.0 days (± SEM) and 3314 ± 98.5 kg (± SEM), respectively. The lactation curve reached its peak during the 4th month after parturition (mean ± SEM, 8.9 ± 0.04 kg), then it declined gradually, falling to 50% of the maximum by the 16th month postpartum (mean ± SEM, 4.3 ± 0.06 kg). Milking three times a day did not increase daily milk production compared to two times milking. Mean total viable bacterial count (TVC) and mean somatic cell count (SCC, ± SEM) of bulk raw camel milk were 4,403 ± 94 CFU/cm3 and 392,602 ± 5,999 cells/cm3 for a one-year period, respectively. There was a significant difference among months (P < 0.001). Coliform count was < 10 CFU/cm3 in most cases (96.5%). The average (± SEM) fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS) and solid-non-fat (SNF) concentrations of individual milk samples were 2.51 ± 0.03%, 2.60 ± 0.01%, 4.03 ± 0.03%, 9.98 ± 0.03% and 7.56 ± 0.03%, respectively. Lactation period, average daily milk production and morning vs. evening milking significantly influenced milk chemical composition. For the 470 camels in the breeding programme, end-of-season pregnancy rate and birth rate were 87.0% and 82.6%, respectively, after natural mating. We have demonstrated that sustainable milk production is possible from a traditional species, the dromedary camel, under an intensive management system.
在许多干旱国家，单峰骆驼在农村地区作为奶源发挥着重要作用。然而，人们对该物种的产奶和产肉潜力了解和记录得并不充分。2006年，阿拉伯联合酋长国建立了一个大型骆驼奶牛场。本研究总结了该农场运营头三年收集的关于产奶量、原料奶质量和繁殖效率的最重要数据。174峰单峰骆驼的平均日产奶量、平均泌乳期长度和每次泌乳的平均总产奶量分别为6.0±0.12千克（±标准误）、586±11.0天（±标准误）和3314±98.5千克（±标准误）。泌乳曲线在分娩后第4个月达到峰值（平均±标准误，8.9±0.04千克），然后逐渐下降，到产后第16个月降至最大值的50%（平均±标准误，4.3±0.06千克）。与每天挤奶两次相比，每天挤奶三次并没有提高日产奶量。在一年时间里，原料骆驼奶的平均总活菌数（TVC）和平均体细胞数（SCC，±标准误）分别为4403±94 CFU/cm³和392602±5999个细胞/cm³。各月份之间存在显著差异（P<0.001）。大多数情况下（96.5%）大肠菌群数<10 CFU/cm³。单个牛奶样本的平均（±标准误）脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖、总固体（TS）和非脂固体（SNF）浓度分别为2.51±0.03%、2.60±0.01%、4.03±0.03%、9.98±0.03%和7.56±0.03%。泌乳期、平均日产奶量以及早晚挤奶对牛奶化学成分有显著影响。对于育种计划中的470峰骆驼，自然交配后的季末妊娠率和出生率分别为87.0%和82.6%。我们已经证明，在集约化管理系统下，传统物种单峰骆驼实现可持续产奶是可能的。
