Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013 Mar-Apr;79(2):151-64. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.107629.
Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods. Insect bite reactions are commonly seen in clinical practice. The present review touches upon the medically important insects and their places in the classification, the sparse literature on the epidemiology of insect bites in India, and different variables influencing the susceptibility of an individual to insect bites. Clinical features of mosquito bites, hypersensitivity to mosquito bites Epstein-Barr virus NK (HMB-EBV-NK) disease, eruptive pseudoangiomatosis, Skeeter syndrome, papular pruritic eruption of HIV/AIDS, and clinical features produced by bed bugs, Mexican chicken bugs, assassin bugs, kissing bugs, fleas, black flies, Blandford flies, louse flies, tsetse flies, midges, and thrips are discussed. Brief account is presented of the immunogenic components of mosquito and bed bug saliva. Papular urticaria is discussed including its epidemiology, the 5 stages of skin reaction, the SCRATCH principle as an aid in diagnosis, and the recent evidence supporting participation of types I, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions in its causation is summarized. Recent developments in the treatment of pediculosis capitis including spinosad 0.9% suspension, benzyl alcohol 5% lotion, dimethicone 4% lotion, isopropyl myristate 50% rinse, and other suffocants are discussed within the context of evidence derived from randomized controlled trials and key findings of a recent systematic review. We also touch upon a non-chemical treatment of head lice and the ineffectiveness of egg-loosening products. Knockdown resistance (kdr) as the genetic mechanism making the lice nerves insensitive to permethrin is discussed along with the surprising contrary clinical evidence from Europe about efficacy of permethrin in children with head lice carrying kdr-like gene. The review also presents a brief account of insects as vectors of diseases and ends with discussion of prevention of insect bites and some serious adverse effects of mosquito coil smoke.
昆虫是节肢动物中的一类生物。在临床实践中，经常会看到昆虫叮咬反应。本综述涉及到医学上重要的昆虫及其在分类中的位置、印度昆虫叮咬流行病学的少量文献以及影响个体对昆虫叮咬易感性的不同变量。讨论了蚊子叮咬的临床特征、对蚊子叮咬的超敏反应 Epstein-Barr 病毒 NK（HMB-EBV-NK）病、疹发性假性血管瘤病、Skeeter 综合征、艾滋病毒/艾滋病的瘙痒性斑丘疹性皮疹、臭虫、墨西哥鸡虱、刺客虫、接吻虫、跳蚤、黑蝇、Blandford 蝇、虱蝇、采采蝇、蠓和蓟马引起的临床特征。简要介绍了蚊子和臭虫唾液的免疫原性成分。讨论了丘疹性荨麻疹，包括其流行病学、皮肤反应的 5 个阶段、SCRATCH 原则作为诊断辅助以及最近支持 I、III 和 IV 型超敏反应参与其发病机制的证据。讨论了包括 0.9%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、5%苯甲醇洗剂、4%二甲硅油洗剂、50%肉豆蔻异丙酯冲洗剂在内的治疗头虱的最新进展，并结合随机对照试验得出的证据和最近系统评价的关键发现。我们还讨论了一种非化学治疗头虱的方法以及卵松解产品的无效性。讨论了击倒抗性（kdr）作为使虱子神经对氯菊酯不敏感的遗传机制，以及来自欧洲的关于携带 kdr 样基因的头虱儿童使用氯菊酯疗效的令人惊讶的相反临床证据。该综述还简要介绍了昆虫作为疾病载体，并以讨论预防昆虫叮咬和一些蚊香烟雾的严重不良影响结束。
