Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Sep 1;132(1-2):283-9. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.017. Epub 2013 Mar 9.
Nicotine cravings are a key target of smoking cessation interventions. Cravings demonstrate circadian variation during abstinence, often peaking during the morning and evening hours. Although some research has also shown diurnal variation in the efficacy of nicotine replacement medications, little research has examined how brief psychosocial interventions affect temporal patterns of craving during abstinence. The present study examined the impact of two brief psycho-education interventions on circadian variations in cravings during a 24-h period.
176 adult smokers interested in quitting participated in two lab sessions. During the first session, participants received (a) mindfulness psycho-education that encouraged acceptance of cravings as a normal, tolerable part of quitting that people should not expect to perfectly control, (b) standard cessation psycho-education, or (c) no psycho-education. Half the sample initiated a cessation attempt the following day. Dependent variables were assessed using ecological momentary assessment (24-h of monitoring, immediately after first lab session) and questionnaires four days later.
Partially consistent with hypotheses, both forms of psycho-education were associated with differential diurnal variation in cravings during cessation. Relative to those receiving no psycho-education, standard smoking cessation psycho-education decreased morning cravings. Psycho-education encouraging acceptance of cravings was associated with lower craving in both the morning and evening, albeit only among successfully abstinent smokers.
Results demonstrate that brief non-pharmacological interventions can affect circadian craving patterns during smoking cessation. Further investigation of mechanisms of change and of the impact of psycho-education on cessation outcomes is warranted.
尼古丁渴求（Nicotine cravings）是戒烟干预的一个关键目标。在戒烟期间，渴求表现出昼夜节律变化，通常在早晨和傍晚达到高峰。尽管一些研究还表明尼古丁替代药物的疗效存在昼夜变化，但很少有研究探讨短暂的心理社会干预如何影响戒烟期间渴求的时间模式。本研究考察了两种简短心理教育干预对 24 小时内渴求的昼夜节律变化的影响。
176 名有戒烟意愿的成年吸烟者参加了两次实验室会议。在第一次会议期间，参与者接受了（a）正念心理教育，鼓励他们接受渴求，将其视为戒烟过程中的正常、可忍受的一部分，人们不应期望完全控制，（b）标准戒烟心理教育，或（c）不接受心理教育。一半的样本在第二天开始戒烟尝试。使用生态瞬时评估（24 小时监测，第一次实验室会议后立即）和四天后问卷调查评估因变量。
部分符合假设，两种形式的心理教育都与戒烟期间渴求的昼夜变化差异有关。与未接受心理教育的参与者相比，标准戒烟心理教育降低了早晨的渴求。鼓励接受渴求的心理教育与早晨和晚上的渴求都较低有关，但仅在成功戒烟的吸烟者中。
结果表明，短暂的非药物干预可以影响戒烟期间的昼夜渴求模式。进一步研究变化机制以及心理教育对戒烟结果的影响是有必要的。
