Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
Plant J. 2013 Jul;75(2):278-89. doi: 10.1111/tpj.12171. Epub 2013 May 16.
Plant microtubules undergo extensive reorganization in response to symbiotic and pathogenic organisms. During the development of successful symbioses with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, novel microtubule arrays facilitate the progression of infection threads and hyphae, respectively, from the plant surface through epidermal and cortical cells. During viral and nematode infections, plant microtubules appear to be commandeered by the pathogen. Viruses use plant microtubules for intra and intercellular movement, as well as for interhost transmission. Nematodes manipulate spindle and phragmoplast microtubules to enhance mitosis and partial cytokinesis during the development of syncytia and giant cells. Pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes induce a range of alterations to microtubule arrays and dynamics. In many situations, the pathogen, or the elicitor or effector proteins derived from them, induce depolymerization of plant cortical microtubule arrays. In some cases, microtubule disruption is associated with the plant defence response and resistance. In other cases, microtubule depolymerization increases plant susceptibility to the invading pathogen. The reasons for this apparent inconsistency may depend on a number of factors, in particular on the identity of the organism orchestrating the microtubule changes. Overall, the weight of evidence indicates that microtubules play an important role in both the establishment of functional symbioses and in defence against invading pathogens. Research is beginning to unravel details about the nature of both the chemical and the mechanical signals to which the plant microtubule arrays respond during biotic interactions.
植物微管在响应共生和致病生物体时会发生广泛的重组。在与根瘤菌和菌根真菌成功共生的过程中，新的微管阵列分别促进了感染丝和菌丝从植物表面通过表皮和皮层细胞的进展。在病毒和线虫感染过程中，植物微管似乎被病原体接管。病毒利用植物微管进行细胞内和细胞间运动，以及在宿主间传播。线虫操纵纺锤体和胞质分裂微管，以增强合胞体和巨型细胞发育过程中的有丝分裂和部分胞质分裂。致病细菌、真菌和卵菌会引起微管阵列和动力学的一系列改变。在许多情况下，病原体或源自它们的激发子或效应子蛋白会导致植物皮质微管阵列的解聚。在某些情况下，微管的破坏与植物的防御反应和抗性有关。在其他情况下，微管解聚会增加植物对入侵病原体的易感性。这种明显的不一致可能取决于许多因素，特别是协调微管变化的生物体的身份。总的来说，有证据表明微管在功能性共生的建立和抵御入侵病原体方面都起着重要作用。研究开始揭示植物微管阵列在生物相互作用过程中对化学和机械信号的性质的细节。
