New Phytol. 2014 Dec;204(4):803-14. doi: 10.1111/nph.12938.
Although phylogenetically unrelated, filamentous oomycetes and fungi establish similar structures to colonize plants and they represent economically the most important microbial threat to crop production. In mutualistic interactions established by root-colonizing fungi, clear differences to pathogens can be seen, but there is mounting evidence that their infection strategies and molecular interactions have certain common features. To infect the host, fungi and oomycetes employ similar strategies to circumvent plant innate immunity. This process involves the suppression of basal defence responses which are triggered by the perception of conserved molecular patterns. To establish biotrophy, effector proteins are secreted from mutualistic and pathogenic microbes to the host tissue, where they play central roles in the modulation of host immunity and metabolic reprogramming of colonized host tissues. This review article discusses key effector mechanisms of filamentous pathogens and mutualists, how they modulate their host targets and the fundamental differences or parallels between these different interactions. The orchestration of effector actions during plant infection and the importance of their localization within host tissues are also discussed.
虽然丝状卵菌与真菌在系统发育上没有关系，但它们能够建立相似的结构来定殖植物，并且从经济角度来看，它们是作物生产中最重要的微生物威胁。在由根定殖真菌建立的共生相互作用中，可以明显看出与病原体的区别，但越来越多的证据表明，它们的感染策略和分子相互作用具有某些共同特征。为了感染宿主，真菌和卵菌采用类似的策略来规避植物先天免疫。这一过程涉及到抑制由保守分子模式感知引发的基础防御反应。为了建立生物寄生，共生和病原微生物会从微生物中分泌效应蛋白到宿主组织中，在那里它们在宿主免疫的调节和定殖宿主组织的代谢重编程中发挥核心作用。本文综述了丝状病原体和共生体的关键效应机制，讨论了它们如何调节宿主靶标，以及这些不同相互作用之间的基本差异或相似之处。还讨论了在植物感染过程中效应子作用的协调及其在宿主组织内定位的重要性。
