BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, G. d'Annunzio University, Viale dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013 Jun;38(2):91-9. doi: 10.1007/s10484-013-9211-z.
The main purposes of the present study were to substantiate the existence of the four types of performance categories (i.e., optimal-automatic, optimal-controlled, suboptimal-controlled, and suboptimal-automatic) as hypothesised in the multi-action plan (MAP) model, and to investigate whether some specific affective, behavioural, psychophysiological, and postural trends may typify each type of performance. A 20-year-old athlete of the Italian shooting team, and a 46-year-old athlete of the Italian dart-throwing team participated in the study. Athletes were asked to identify the core components of the action and then to execute a large number of shots/flights. A 2 × 2 (optimal/suboptimal × automated/controlled) within subjects multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test the differences among the four types of performance. Findings provided preliminary evidence of psychophysiological and postural differences among four performance categories as conceptualized within the MAP model. Monitoring the entire spectrum of psychophysiological and behavioural features related to the different types of performance is important to develop and implement biofeedback and neurofeedback techniques aimed at helping athletes to identify individual zones of optimal functioning and to enhance their performance.
本研究的主要目的是证实多动作计划（MAP）模型中假设的四种表现类型（即最佳自动型、最佳控制型、次佳控制型和次佳自动型）的存在，并探讨是否存在某些特定的情感、行为、心理生理和姿势趋势可以为每种表现类型提供典型特征。本研究招募了一名 20 岁的意大利射击队运动员和一名 46 岁的意大利掷镖队运动员。要求运动员识别动作的核心组成部分，然后执行大量的射击/投掷。采用 2×2（最佳/次佳×自动/控制）被试内多变量方差分析来检验四种表现类型之间的差异。研究结果提供了初步证据，证明了 MAP 模型中概念化的四种表现类型之间的心理生理和姿势差异。监测与不同类型表现相关的整个心理生理和行为特征对于开发和实施旨在帮助运动员识别个人最佳功能区并提高表现的生物反馈和神经反馈技术非常重要。
